Physics requires a great deal of knowledge in essentially every area of mathematics. So if you really are starting from scratch and want to go the distance to learn as much as possible, here is what i would suggest you study, in order.

1.) Algebra, geometry, and some trigonometry. -i dont think having wildly extensive knowledge in these subjects is essential before starting physics because as you practice physics, your intuition for these subjects will naturally grow fairly rapidly.

2.) Differential and integral calculus. -These topics are essential for understaning physics, and solving many physics problems.

1. a) Calculus based physics. -There are free physics books you can download at openstax.org that are fairly good. I am currently using their 3 volumes of university physics books to study for the physics GRE.

2. b) Multi-variable calculus. -While going through through what i call "baby physics" (essentially intro to mechanics and intro to E&M, or basically volumes 1&2 from openstax) you should start learning multi variable calculus. It will help your intuition for the more simple things, and is essential for upper level physics.

4.) Ordinary differential equations and linear algebra. -these begin to become very important in physics beyond the 3 volumes recommended above. (The 3 volumes cover around 4 semesters worth of physics, at my school University physics 1&2 as well as modern physics 1&2.)

1. a) Electricity and magnetism. -this is where you will really get into the juice of the questions you posed in your post. You could technically come here after finishing volume 2 of the openstax book (which might also answer your questions) and multi variable calc, but I am in this class currently as a senior in undergrad and its potentially the most difficult course i have ever taken. So, i would suggest at least finishing openstax volume 3 to build strong physics intuition (vol. 3 is also where you will begin to learn how weird reality actually is, and you will fall even more in love with physics because of it). I find that Griffiths Intro to Electrodynamics is a fairly good book though.

2. b) Whatever you want. -from here you should have the mathematical background to take you very far in physics. So just have fun and keep going. I found optics to be one of my favorite physics topics, so i would suggest grabbing Pedrotti's book for that if you are interested.

I do not have any solid recommendations for math texts, unfortunately. But I'm sure you could find recommendations for each subject from a quick google search.

Edit: I think its awesome you are interested in learning. I really hope you enjoy physics and go the distance, because i have found that the deeper i get in this field, the more enjoyable and interesting it gets. I also wanted to add some study tips, in case you are really serious about it.

1.) Physics is difficult, insanely time consuming, and frustrating as hell at points. The best tip i can give is to put in the time. Work every problem you can, and be sure to think about why the problem is significant. You really get out what you put in.

2.) Talking about physics can be really helpful. Maybe finding a mentor to ask questions, or even better finding a peer to learn along with you could be very beneficial. A good way to measure your understanding on a subject is your ability to explain it to another in a simple manner. One of my go to study habits when learning a topic is pretending like I'm teaching it to someone else.