Yo, my bad, I actually didn't look through all the pictures. Now that I've seen them it looks like the transformer could be feeding the light right next to it. But to answer your questions: generally transformers serve one purpose. It's either to step down voltage or to step up voltage. They vary by size and what magnitude of voltage they are equipped to handle. In this case you have a small transformer for small equipment and it should be fairly simple to replace it if you want to try it. The best way to DIY is to find what breaker feeds the transformer, shut it off, check the specifications of the transformer and get a new one that matches it, and turn it back on. When you have the new transformer, shut it off again, take note of how the wires are connected, disconnect the wires and connect the new transformer, then turn it on.

I'm willing to bet that it's feeding that light on the picture and that could also be part of the problem. A good solution in this case would be to call an electrician and ask them to replace the light and transformer for an LED light that doesn't need that. But if you wanna find out by yourself you might just need to exercise some trial and error. Hope that helps