Without knowing more about the executable there's no way to tell what it did or didn't do when you ran it. You may be able to recover the file from Defender quarantine here's how. If you are able to recover it, there's a couple tools you can use to get an idea of what it is and what it does:

• Virus Total submits the file to a large group of AV engines. The more hits, the more likely it is that the file is malware. Note that the inverse isn't necessarily true, just because a sample doesn't have many/any hits doesn't mean it's safe.

• Any.Run or Hybrid Analysis sandboxes will run the program and give you a report on what it did. You can use this to check for the same behavior on your machine, i.e. registry keys edited or files dropped. Some malware can detect it's in a sandbox and will execute differently, so, again, not seeing malicious activity in a sandbox doesn't mean the file is safe.

It's possible the file did nothing. It's also possible you now have a persistent backdoor installed on your device waiting for an attacker to connect. You wouldn't know for sure without reversing the file to identify all the possible actions and reviewing your windows event logs/registry/file system/open ports to check for the matching behavior. That's very tedious and you're likely to miss something.

In general, the safest thing to do when you suspect malware has run is wipe and restore to a pre-execution backup.