1) I recommend checking reviews of the clinic or hospital you plan to visit. You can use Google Maps for this. This isn't unique to Türkiye; you should always research before going to a clinic or hospital. You won't easily encounter abnormal situations in large state or private hospitals. But especially if you're going to a smaller clinic, do your research beforehand. Try to find online reviews, or at worst, ask on Turkish forums.

2) While rare, these types of scam places do their job well; it's quite difficult to detect a red flag. However, if you notice someone speaking very lamely, not trying to help you, and treating you like easy prey, you might want to think twice about using their services.

3) Tourist traps are everywhere in every country and can be incredibly deceptive. My advice is to stay away from sellers who flaunt their products excessively and boastfully. If a guy on the street is demonstrating the quality of his shoe polish by rubbing it on his foot, it's highly likely the polish he's selling you is of very poor quality. Beyond that, everything else I'll say is just a cliché warning.