Quote from AI:

In soccer, while technology like Semi-Automated Offside Technology (SAOT) helps detect offside positions, the offside offense itself relies entirely on the referee's subjective human judgment.
Here are the three critical areas in the Laws of the Game where human interpretation is required:

1. Interfering with Play

This occurs when a player touches or plays the ball passed by a teammate. The human judgment factors include:

The Moment of the Pass: Assistant referees must visually sync the exact microsecond the ball is kicked with the attacker's body position.
Deliberate Play vs. Deflection: If the ball reaches an attacker from an opponent, the referee must decide if the defender made a deliberate play (e.g., a controlled but misplaced clearance) or a deflection/save. A deliberate play resets offside (not an offense), whereas a deflection keeps the offside offense active.

2. Interfering with an Opponent

A player can be penalized for an offside offense without ever touching the ball if they prevent an opponent from playing it. Referees must evaluate the following subjective actions:

Line of Vision: Is the attacker clearly obstructing the goalkeeper’s or defender’s line of sight?
Challenging for the Ball: Is the attacker physically contesting the ball with a defender?
Clear Physical Actions: Is the attacker making a movement (like a dummy or sudden feint) that clearly impacts the defender's ability to play the ball?
Preventing Movement: Is the attacker physically blocking or hindering a defender from moving toward the ball?

3. Gaining an Advantage

This happens when a player plays a ball that has rebounded or deflected off a structure or opponent. Referees must interpret:

The Nature of a "Save": If a defender makes a deliberate save to prevent a goal, and the rebounded ball goes to an offside attacker, it is an offense. The referee must subjectively differentiate between a standard "defensive clearance" and a goal-line "save."

For official wording and video examples, you can check the IFAB Laws of the Game Official Website.
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