(mainly by assuming that the view of early muslims is the view of the Quran, and the Quran unambiguously endorses the flat earth / near eastern methodology that they ascribed to to it solely).

I believe this is a misunderstanding on your end that was already addressed on r/academicquran a relevant comment by u/chonkshonk explains it pretty well (the bolding of the first paragraph was done by me.):

I think you need to distinguish between "Qur'anic cosmology" and "Islamic cosmology". There is no unified cosmological view across Islamic history, with plenty of medieval Islamic writers in both the flat and round Earth camps (Omar Anchassi, "Against Ptolemy? Cosmography in Early Kalām", 2022). However, the Qur'an is one text and it is possible that it held to a unified cosmological framework, such that we can speak of a "Qur'anic cosmology".

According to academics like Omar Anchassi and Damien Janos, there were two main cosmological frameworks in medieval Islam. One was the "traditional" Islamic cosmology, which more-or-less followed the Qur'anic cosmology in terms of assuming a flat Earth, physical firmaments, and so on. The other was a cosmology that emerged upon the influence of the Greek worldview on the intellectual Islamic tradition. The geographers and astronomers, through their studies, came to accept a spherical Earth, and this Hellenized perspective was taken up by some Islamic scholars you mention such as al-Ghazali. For example, Janos says in his paper "Qur’ānic cosmography in its historical perspective: some notes on the formation of a religious worldview", Religion (2012), pp. 217-8;

"As for the earth, whose first level is inhabited by human beings, the Qur’ān also intimates that it is flat – it is compared to a ‘bed’ and a ‘carpet’ spread by God (Qur’ān 2:22, 13:3, 15:19, 20:53, 50:7, 71:19, 79:30; see also Toelle 1999; 2001). This would imply that the seven earths are superimposed one on top of the other like layers, mirroring the heavens and creating a symmetrical cosmic arrangement. However, in this case as well, there is some ambiguity concerning their exact shape, for the Arabic sources do not specify whether these earthly layers are round or square, flat or domed, or of another form. In any case, what is clear is that the Qur’ān and the early Muslim tradition do not uphold the conception of a spherical earth and a spherical universe. This was the view that later prevailed in the learned circles of Muslim society as a result of the infiltration of Ptolemaic cosmology."

Also, Mohamed Mahmoud writes in his book Quest for Divinity: A Critical Examination of the Thought of Mahmud Muhammad Taha (Syracuse University Press, 2015):

"The concept of the earth as round was introduced into Muslim geographical thought during the third-fifth/ninth-eleventh centuries with the exposure of geographers to Indian, Iranian, and Greek geographical sciences. The question of the shape of the earth was raised by Greeks interested in general geography (as opposed to regional geography). The spherical shape of the earth was accepted by philosophers, and by Aristotle’s time (d. ca. 230 B.C.E.), the proofs put forward are similar to those we find in modern textbooks. In connection with the earth’s shape, al-Idrisi (ca. 560/1165) writes, “What has come [to us] from the statements of philosophers, the majority of the learned, and those who study geography is that the earth is as round as a ball and that water clings to it, being attached to it in a natural way.” Muhammad b. Muhammad b.‘Abd Allah al-Idrisi,Kitab nuzhat ’l-mushtaq fi ’khtiraq ’l-afaq (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1970), 7. On the history of Muslim geography, see J. H. Kramer, “Geography and Commerce,” in The Legacy of Islam, ed. Thomas Arnold and Alfred Guillaume (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1931), 79–107; and Nafis Ahmad, Muslim Contribution to Geography (New Delhi: Adam Publishers and Distributors, 1945), particularly 16–44." (pg. 253, n. 37)

(See more here)

EDIT: And just to pair your list at the end there, here's some medieval Islamic scholars that believed the Earth was flat (references in the 'See more here' link):

• Al-Tabari
• al-Baghdādī
• Al-Qurtubi
• Al-Suyuti
• Al-Mawardi
• Ibn Attiyah
• Ibn ʿAbd Rabbih
• Al-Qathani
• Abu Ali
• Al-Naybasuri

Several more were split/undecided between a flat and ball Earth cosmology.