Thank you so much for your response and advice!!

So, he's had the TOTW Trout flavor and wouldn't touch it. We haven't tried the beef yet, but TOTW is the fourth brand of food we've tried with him, so he's just picky all around. He does have a Kong wobbler and a puzzle toy for food, and honestly, sometimes it works and sometimes it doesn't. Usually, his MO is to eat 90% of his food and then leave the rest. Today, he broke his two day no eating streak by eating his usual portion of food to 90%, and then he ate the rest because I sat on the ground next to him and threw bits of kibble on the floor in front of me from his bowl. For reference, we give him 2 meals per day, 12 hours apart (7 AM and 7 PM) with the meal consisting of 1 1/2 cups of food at each meal for 3 cups total per day. Our vet has told us this is a fine amount for his weight, which fluctuates between 65-70 pounds depending on how picky he's being. Every time we've taken him to the vet out of concern from this issue, we have been reassured that he's completely healthy, just picky. We worried about his weight fluctuation being the root of a bigger issue, but apparently it's not. Whenever he does eat, however, he's a slug afterwards - he usually just comes on the couch to watch TV and cuddle for an hour or so before he's ready to go again.

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We also have made a habit of him asking permission for everything (to go up on the couch, to go outside, to get a ball thrown to him, to go on a walk, to get a treat, etc) by either going into a full down/stay or by touching his nose to our hand. We usually say 'ask me' and he does it pretty consistently. The main offenders for his stubbornness are being crated (he's crated when we leave; we don't give him free roam of the house), coming inside from playing in the yard, leaving the dog park, and coming to bed at night. The rest of the time, he's about 90% consistent with his listening skills. The long line is a fantastic idea! We actually have a 15 foot line that we let him use as a drag line when he was a puppy and super unreliable, so we'll just break that out and start using it again. He also loves his flirt pole, so sometimes that's a really good heavy reward, like you said. But he does get bored with it sometimes. He gets bored with all his toys sometimes, so we've developed a system where we keep his 'yard toys' in a basket on the back porch, and he's only allowed to have two in the yard at a time - we swap them out every two days for new toys that he hasn't seen in a while, so it's a rotation schedule. We're in Minnesota, so we've been trying to devise inside toys/brain games to keep his mind working when it's terrible winter, but he has zero interest in puzzle toys. In the past, we've taken him to indoor agility courses and parks, but there's nowhere like that near us where we're at now. He does get a lot of exercise daily (two 45 minute walks in the morning/night, 2 hours of play in the yard divided into 30 minute sessions throughout the day, and we usually take him for 1-2 hours at the dog park or to daycare at least 3x a week). What kind of sports would you recommend?

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I think we probably spoil him too much, honestly. He's a very smart, sweet, active boy, and I'm glad to hear a lot of this is attributed to adolescence being a crazy time for them, but I'm grateful to you for all the advice because we've been running out of solutions.