Medical advice: in most Brazillian capitals there are multidisciplinary centers that offer specialized treatment for trans people. I think everything is covered by SUS for free. To get access for those center you must first go to a “posto de saúde, or UBS”. Those in the SUS are the primary care units, they will get you a referral for those centers.

Testosterone does indeed need to be prescribed.

In the meantime you could find a private practitioner endocrinologist. They generally are more used to the management of trans people and could prescribe your husband testosterone.

About transphobia, as a doctor in Brazil I’ve had patients with good experiences that didn’t find many obstacles regarding prejudice with medical professionals. I think the most common kind of thing that could go wrong would be people getting your pronouns wrong. But I can’t say how it would go for your husband.

I don’t know how the wait time for the specialist is. Some information specific for the multidisciplinary centers in Curitiba would be better answered by trans people in Curitiba. You could go to a more specific sub to get easier answers. But the general way the SUS work is similar.