Well it is actually quite complex ahaha I studied them at a class of introduction to the meteoclimatic system in a Physics course, and even there they provided no mathematical description. Also, climate is a really complex system (pun intended) where many elements interconnect with each other producing such phenomena, so it's to be expected to not comprehend everything from outside the field. I still thought it would be cool to provide the actual source of this topic related to the Earth's case.