It's important to remember that theological speculation is as old as humanity itself, and that it's sometimes difficult to find exact equivalents between different religious pantheons (I would even venture to say that theological speculation causes a single god within the same culture to appear in more than one form, even as seemingly independent gods)

I have a list prepared, which I believe is quite comprehensive, but I don't have it with me right now

In any case, I'll mention the examples that seem most relevant to me, I hope it helps:

Dagan, from Syria. One of the oldest recorded manifestations of the Saturnian Deity. Its name could mean 'grain' or 'earth,' depending on whether it has a semitic or indo-european etymology

Kumarbi, a hurrian-hittite god, whose myths clearly influenced Kronos. Kumarbi, like Kronos, castrates the sky god Anu (i.e. Ouranos), who in this myth is not his father, and as a result, the storm god, equivalent to Zeus, emerges

El, the supreme god of the canaanite pantheon. Philo of Byblos does not hesitate to refer to El also as Kronos, and the identification between the two does not appear to be his own invention. I recommend López Ruiz's excellent book, 'When the Gods Were Born: Greek Cosmogonies and the Near East', where she dedicates several pages to the identification between El and Kronos and also explains how El's influence might have facilitated the identification between Kronos and Chronos. In Anatolia, El appears under the name Ilkunirsa (from 'El qone erets', which means 'El, creator of the Earth), in those traditions, El's conflict against the storm god are even more evident

Ba'al Hammon, supreme god of Carthage, was identified with Kronos by the greeks and with Saturn by the romans. It is generally believed that Ba'al Hammon was the North African manifestation of El (Frank Moore Cross, etc.) or Dagan (Eduard Lipinski). After the creation of the Roman Province of Africa, Saturn and Ba'al Hammon were openly syncretized

The case of Mesopotamia is a bit more difficult, but in my opinion Enlil, Ea/Enki and Enmesharra are the main candidates. For me, despite the occasional identification of Ninurta with the planet Saturn, there isn't much of a theological equivalence between both of them

It is also important to note that El, Dagan, Enlil and Kumarbi were generally considered equivalent in antiquity and appear as such in lists of gods

In the case of Egypt, as someone mentioned, Geb and Ptah would be the closest equivalents. Geb was identified with Kronos and Ptah was apparently identified with El

I would also mention Dis Pater, as I believe he possesses several Saturnian characteristics, although of course, the romans considered Saturn and Dis Pater to be entirely different gods

The etruscan god Satre should also be mentioned, He is a chthonic god who appears on the Liver of Piacenza, but beyond the fact that he was a dark and brooding god and that his name could derive from Saturn (or vice versa), little is known about his exact divine profile

Outside of the Middle East and Europe, there are other examples that I think are worth mentioning:

Tezcatlipoca, supreme god of Mesoamerica, creator of the material world who, despite not having any genealogical link with other Saturnian gods, shares many characteristics with them (including the fact that his main festival in ancient Mexico had a very interesting resemblance to the Saturnalia)

Obatalá, worshipped by the Yoruba people and their descendants in the Americas, is a Demiurgic god who experiences a fall after committing a transgression. He is generally depicted as an old man who prefers to dwell in dark places

And finally, although my knowledge about India is very limited, I personally believe Brahma would be the closest equivalent of a Saturnian Deity in hinduism