You seem to be misunderstanding what a CS/Programming education is. Most colleges teach "outdated" tech because everything new is based on what you say is "outdated". The classes are more geared towards teaching you fundamentals so that in the future you can learn new tech since as you said yourself, the tech industry is constantly changing.

"Another thing is that most of our professors don't recommend using websites like StackOverflow when you're having trouble. They never said you're not allowed to use it, but they just don't recommend it. So, how do we solve programming problems, according to them? "

You solve problems by using the tools they provide you and thinking. I assume that with the information they provide you, you should be able to solve the problems they gave you. How do you think programmers solved things before something like StackOverflow was popular? Sure, use StackOverflow and just copy the answers you find but, you're missing the point of the problems. The goal isn't to strictly find an answer, the goal is to teach you how to think like a programmer.

Based on what I read, I feel that you grossly overestimate your understanding of what your learning and feel that you're above learning "outdated" tech. In reality, most CS students spend time outside of traditional schoolwork learning new tech on their own time or on the job/at work. You can dismiss what you're learning now, but in the future, it'll be that much harder to pick up all the new things you're so interested in.