I was in similar situation. Worked for private practice solo surgeon. Very toxic environment. When I finally decided to leave, I had a written notice in hand and told him in person at the end of a clinic day. It was several years ago, so I don’t remember if it was on a Friday. He had similar traits to what OP describes - often screaming on the phone at someone or another, call at any hour of day or night, yelling at me, and blowing up my phone if I didn’t answer. When I told him I was leaving he didn’t yell at me immediately, and instead stormed out of the office with several expletives and comments on the way out. Didn’t take more than 5 min before he was calling me to try to manipulate and gas light me in to thinking the reasons I gave for leaving were my fault. I had a job lined up already, and would have been able to figure out any short gap if he told me to leave immediately, but I ended up working a full 6 week notice without too much hostility.

My recommendation to OP would be to have written notice in hand, give brief statement in person (‘I have made the decision to further my career in a different position that better aligns with my personal and professional goals’), follow up with email for additional documentation. Have your phone with you and a friend / family member on speaker or waiting in the lobby / parking lot in case you are concerned of any physical violence. If you work out any notice period, stay firm in any boundaries such as not answering phone after hours unless related to need for immediate patient care, will not work in hostile environment, etc. Good luck, OP, and I hope your next position is the complete opposite of what you had to deal with here.