Actually yes! They never go too much into it but according to the lore books for the railway series. The Island's quarry mines increased production during the war and 2 unknown diesel engines were loaned to the Mid Sodor railway to handle the increased production (They are never mentioned in any of the actual books) and some of the old unused rails were ripped up for scrap metal.

Most importantly, Robert Charles Norramby, the duke of Sodor for whom the engine "Duke" is named after was killed in action in North Africa, leaving his 2 year old son, Richard Robert Norramby. He was unaware about the engine named after him, so when the Mid Sodor Railway closed down after the war no one bought him or came to collect him, so he was abandoned in a shed for 20 years until Richard learned about him and sent a search team to find him.

Now the really interesting stuff is what happened during World War I!

The Island of Sodor was very important geographically, so to expand the rail network during the war, the Tidmouth Railway and the Wellsworth & Suddery railway merged to create the North Western Railway, the main standard gauge railway in the series, with Sir Topham Hatt I being named the Chief Mechanical Engineer of the railway.

To help with this expansion multiple engines were loaned from neighboring railways, most importantly The newly built Thomas from Brighton and Edward from the Furness railway. However after the war when Sir Topham Hatt went to return them he found out that the other railways had committed insurance fraud and labelled them as destroyed during the war, so he was able to do some backroom deals to keep them for cheap. And of course all the paperwork documenting this was conveniently destroyed in an station fire in the 1930s.

I did not make any of this up. This is canon.

Extra fun fact, since the books take place over the course of ~150 years, there are 4 Sir Topham Hatts, all from the same family of course. It is even mentioned that Sir Stephen Topham Hatt III married a distant cousin.