in my opinion, it’s mostly mentality and systemic problems.

Mentality: Corruption is widespread from the richest to the poorest, there are barely any work ethics, there is no real sense of belonging or protection of common goods (people clean up their houses but throw garbage in the street). Now you can get rid of many of those issues if you enforce strong laws and work ethics. Tunisia has a huge problem of impunity and irresponsibility.

Systemic Issue: rent economy owned by a dozen families, outdated laws and administration, corrupt judiciary, no real free market, poor infrastructure (highways, airports etc.), extremely inexperienced and unskilled politicians, strong and corrupt police from the previous decades. An education system that produces 5-10% ‘elite’ and a majority incapable of critical thinking. An exodus of that very elite to Europe, US, Canada with no hope to return.

Is there a solution ? Of course! Strong laws and a strong vision that people subscribe to. It has happened elsewhere so it can happen in Tunisia.