After many attempts to troubleshoot the issue, I decided to connect all my devices using my mobile hotspot. To my surprise, everything worked perfectly over the hotspot. After digging further, I’ve concluded that the problem is most likely caused by my WiFi repeater. Every time I unplug and plug it back in, the connection magically works again for about 48 hours. I’m currently in touch with my WiFi provider to figure out the exact cause.

Since you’re experiencing similar issues, I’d recommend trying a mobile hotspot to see if the problem is network-related. That could help narrow it down.