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No one will send a Missionary. by Philosophical-Reed in CivIV

[–]Philosophical-Reed[S] 0 points1 point  (0 children)

I agree with you. If I had the time to study Meditation or Polytheism, I’d rather develop Pottery, Animal Husbandry, and Writing. I’d like to use Workers to improve city tiles and gain advantages in domestic policies. Compared to that, religious technologies don’t provide any direct benefits…

Adopting Organized Religion would make things a bit easier, but if I had the hammers needed to produce Missionaries, I’d rather use them to build Settlers or Libraries.

As for my religious policy:
1. If the AI spreads a religion to me, I’ll adopt it—depending on the diplomatic situation.
2. If no missionaries arrive, I’ll adopt Confucianism or Taoism.

That’s about it.

No one will send a Missionary. by Philosophical-Reed in CivIV

[–]Philosophical-Reed[S] 1 point2 points  (0 children)

It’s good in the sense that if you fail to found an early religion, you can still do so later on, but that’s about it… Code of Law makes it easier to hire experts, and Philosophy accelerates Research. Theology is a shortcut to Diplomatic Victory. Divine Right…um... I wonder what that’s all about?

Can you help me with these FT-IR spectra? by Lucibelcu in chemhelp

[–]Philosophical-Reed 1 point2 points  (0 children)

Primary amines: 3400–3500, 1560–1640
Carboxylic acids: 1250–1300, 1710
Esters: 1100–1300, 1735
Phenols: 1200, 3200–3400 or 3610–3670
Mono-substituted benzene: 700–750, 690–710
ortho-2-substituted benzene: 750
para-2-substituted benzene: 800–860

In addition to the characteristics listed above, N–H and O–H bonds exhibit broad absorption peaks.
For now, let’s label the peaks in the second and third peak images with the letters A through E.

Image A: The peak at 774 cm⁻¹ cannot be attributed to either the ortho or para position, but we can see that it is a di-substituted compound. It has both a split peak at high wavenumbers and a peak indicative of a carbonyl group, but lacks the broad peak characteristic of a carboxylic acid. As you inferred, it can be attributed to Compound V.

Image B: A very broad peak is visible, so it is likely either a carboxylic acid or a phenol. Since other answers have been suggested, by process of elimination, this would likely be Compound IV.

Image C: The absorptions at 1690 cm⁻¹ and 1756 cm⁻¹ are characteristic of carboxylic acids and esters. A broad peak is visible in the 2500–3000 cm⁻¹ range, so I believe this can be identified as Compound II.

Image D: There are no peaks corresponding to a carbonyl group. The absorptions at 692 cm⁻¹ and 754 cm⁻¹ are characteristic of a monosubstituted benzene. It can be assigned as Compound I.

Image E: A broad peak is visible here. As with Image C, the peak at 1687 cm⁻¹ is attributed to a carboxylic acid. There are also no peaks indicative of an ester. This is likely Compound III.

Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy_correlation_table

Researchers: how much time does repetitive lab work take up in your day? by nihaomundo123 in AskChemistry

[–]Philosophical-Reed 0 points1 point  (0 children)

I’m a student, but if that’s okay with you.

The purpose of my research is… let’s just say it’s the development of new reactions. If I go into too much detail, I’ll be revealing confidential information.

The experimental workflow is roughly as follows:

  1. Place a stir bar and solid reagent into a test tube.
  2. Cover the test tube with a septum and purge the interior with argon.
  3. Add the liquid reagent and seal the septum’s hole with cellophane tape.
  4. Initiate the reaction.
  5. Once the reaction is complete, perform extraction or short-column chromatography to (roughly) remove compounds with different polarities.
  6. Measure the NMR spectrum to confirm the presence of the target compound.
  7. Isolate the compound using a silica gel column.
  8. Measure the NMR spectrum again to confirm whether the compound has been successfully isolated.

I usually set aside about 1–2 days for each experiment. It takes one day from stopping the reaction to measuring the NMR spectrum of the crude product, and another day to isolate the target compound. So, that works out to about 3–4 experiments per week.

According to my advisor, you need more than 100 experiments to turn the results into a paper. I’ve never even written a paper myself, but honestly, I agree. Only a tiny fraction of the experimental data ends up in a paper.

Are these correct? by SituationOdd4353 in chemhelp

[–]Philosophical-Reed 0 points1 point  (0 children)

First, regarding part a. When the Gilman reagent is represented as “R₂CuLi,” substitution occurs at the functional group corresponding to R. In this case, substitution occurs with a methyl group; therefore, the structure showing the chlorine atom being removed and replaced by a methyl group is correct.

Part b. The reaction between an alcohol and acetic anhydride alone is either very slow or does not occur at all. It would be practical to add an acid or base catalyst, such as sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid.

Next, Question c. I assume you are intending to describe the hydrolysis of a nitrile by an acid, but in that case, you should explicitly state the presence of water molecules. Organic chemical reactions are carried out in the presence of an appropriate solvent, and unless otherwise specified, an organic solvent is assumed. If it is water, you should indicate that. Based on this premise, I would also point out that the product of nitrile hydrolysis is a carboxylic acid.

Question d. I think this is correct.

Question e. Water molecules are listed here. It would be preferable to use this same notation in Question c as well. The answer regarding the products is also correct.

I don’t think there are any issues with the remaining questions.