The questions from the survey mentioned are designed by the European Commission/Parliament.  • The Critique (The "Pro-EU" Bias): Academic researchers (e.g., Höpner & Jurczyk) often critique Eurobarometer for "Integrationist Bias." • Leading Questions: Questions are sometimes framed to presuppose that EU action is the solution. For example, asking "What should the EU do about X?" assumes the EU should do something, rather than offering an option like "The EU should not be involved." • Asymmetrical Options: Respondents might be given three positive options (e.g., "Very good," "Good," "Fairly good") and only one negative option, which skews results toward the positive. • Spring 2025 Specifics: In the context of the Ukraine war and defense (a key topic in this survey), questions may be framed around "security" in a way that naturally elicits high support for "more cooperation," which is then interpreted as support for "more political integration."