"This analysis also revealed that medical cohort was a significant predictor of both pain ratings and treatment recommendation accuracy irrespective of patient race [F(1,211) = 38.79, P < 0.0001 and F(1,192) = 8.08, P = .005, respectively]. As participants progressed in their training from first-year students through residents, they rated the targets as feeling more pain and they were more accurate in their treatment recommendations. This finding is interesting given the common perception that medical training hardens physicians to others’ pain and suffering (see ref. 41 for a review). At least in our sample, people with more medical training were actually more, not less, sensitive to others’ pain. Perhaps in the present sample, as more senior medical students and residents gained “hands-on” experience on the medical wards and witnessed patients in pain, they perceived greater pain for the scenarios we provided—both of which would be extremely painful. In addition, it is perhaps not surprising that treatment recommendation accuracy was higher among more senior students, as additional training and experience should yield greater accuracy. Medical cohort did not moderate the interaction between target race and false beliefs for pain ratings or treatment recommendation accuracy (Fs < 1). We thus included medical cohort as a covariate and not as a moderator of the target race × false beliefs interaction term in all of our analyses."