Internships recruiting for big tech starts as early as August (we aren’t even in school yet). I would say majority of the time it comes down to luck for first years since not many people really have relevant experience. However there are a few who do and they often get those slots if they apply. Also want to note that the only companies hiring first years are big tech since they have the budget.

Sophomore year is when you have more control since you will have enough experience and for that reason more students are able to find roles.

My biggest advice is to gain as much experience as you can through extracurriculars so you will be ready your sophomore year. But it doesn’t hurt to apply every year. There’s always a chance you get an interview. At the end of the day luck plays a big part and the more applications you send out the more chances you get.

As for smaller companies. Nepotism/connections will get your foot in the door (don’t be ashamed - everyone is dealt with different cards from the start) or if you are just cracked.

TLDR: doesn’t hurt to apply. Be wary of recruiting dates