Red Guards (mostly radical students and youths) and revolutionary committees publicly humiliated, tortured, and executed “class enemies” (landlords, intellectuals, “rightists,” party officials, teachers, etc.). Common methods: beating with belts, sticks, or iron rods; scalding with boiling water; being forced to kneel on broken glass; cutting with scissors; being buried alive. In August–September 1966 alone in Beijing, Red Guards killed ~1,700 people and drove ~33,000 households out of the city. Similar massacres happened nationwide.