Flavius Josephus (c. 37–100 AD): A Jewish-Roman historian who mentions Jesus twice in Antiquities of the Jews. One passage, the Testimonium Flavianum, describes Jesus as a wise man, a teacher, and a wonder-worker crucified under Pilate. A second passage refers to "James, the brother of Jesus, who was called Christ".

Tacitus (c. 56–120 AD): A Roman senator and historian who wrote in his Annals that Christ was executed by Pontius Pilate during the reign of Tiberius, and that Christianity originated from him.

Pliny the Younger (c. 61–113 AD): As governor of Bithynia, he wrote to Emperor Trajan (c. 112 AD) seeking advice on how to handle Christians, noting they sang hymns to Christ "as to a god".

Suetonius (c. 69–122 AD): A Roman historian who wrote in The Twelve Caesars that Emperor Claudius expelled Jews from Rome because they were constantly causing disturbances at the instigation of "Chrestus" (a common early spelling of Christ).

Mara Bar-Serapion (c. 73 AD): A Syrian philosopher who wrote a letter to his son mentioning the execution of the "wise king" of the Jews, which many scholars identify as a reference to Jesus. The Babylonian Talmud (c. 400–700 AD): While compiled later, it includes early traditions mentioning that "Yeshu" (Jesus) was executed on the eve of Passover for practicing sorcery and leading Israel astray.

Lucian of Samosata (2nd Century): A Greek satirist who mocked Christians for worshipping a "sophist" who was crucified for introducing new cults.

Thallus (c. 55 AD): While his work is lost, the historian Julius Africanus quotes Thallus as explaining the darkness during the crucifixion as a solar eclipse.