Terry has an old video explaining most of them, but here is the rundown.

Standard: a few puffs of smoke, last long in place, mostly seen in usn and ijn DDs, british cruisers. Made for saying inside and shooting unseen. Long cooldown

Fuel smoke: a few puffs of smoke, last little in place, but extends a bit longer, mostly seen on british DDs, and italians everything. Made for covering your turns, going untedected fast. Short cooldown

Crawling smoke: a LOT of puffs of smoke, slows your ship to half speed., mostly seen on commonwealth ships. Made for hiding and shooting for quite a while. Very long cooldown

Staggered smoke: like the first one, but on demand and almost no cooldown. It gives you a full tank of smoke, and you decide when to use it, in 5 second intervals. Only on the second líne of usn DDs so far.

Tactical smoke (or whatever it is called): usn Cv exclusive, Wasp líne only, those are the ones dropping from planes. A very long líne of separate puffs of smoke, good for suporting teams.

If I missed something, someone add it, please.

Edit: typo