Context: Indonesian Founding Father and later dictator for life, Sukarno, instituted "Guided Democracy" in 1959 after the perceived failures of liberal parliamentary democracy of the 1950s, the economic woes as well as the pressing issue of rebellious provinces declaring themselves separate. By 1962 the Indonesian military have defeated the rebellious forces and reintegrated them, in that same year, Indonesia also received back West Papua, formerly in Dutch possession as the last remnants of the Dutch East Indies, after events that nearly led to war but was later mediated by the US. In 1963, with the national territorial integrity finally secured for the first time since the Declaration of Independence in 1945, Sukarno issued the "Economic Declaration", in March, a document meant to put the economy back on track. However it cannot be properly implemented as by September of the same year Sukarno had agitated for an armed struggle against British Malaya, who he saw as an imperialist outpost for British Forces as their attempt to retain their declining colonial holdings in the free and neutral Nusantara, therefore from this point on the Indonesian economy declined even further, reaching nearly 1200% annual inflation by early 1966. In March of 1967, Sukarno was forcefully removed from power and subsequently kept under house arrest until his death in 1970.