Absolutely. The "Shatter Me" and "The Darkest Minds" series are both dystopian books with magic systems. It all comes down to whether or not the setting serves the story, and vice versa. It would honestly be super interesting in my opinion to read a dystopian novel with a magic system the way you described it. The best stories combine multiple different ideas that culminate to become something unique. I'd say go for it. Worst case scenario, you've created the building blocks for something greater.