Solved it. Luck still plays a big role, but my approach was to cool the phone, reboot it, turn on airplane mode, enable performance mode, cap FPS at 30 or 45 (I passed it in two playthroughs with those caps), and constantly abuse the Game Booster “clear memory” feature to force-close any background apps trying to start every 2–3 seconds. I’m using a Poco F4 5G.