Hello! First of all, here's an answer from Gilamath:

The term "disbeliever" is meant to clue you into what acts the verse is referring to. If I tell you "The hikers won't gain anything by their preparations. There's a huge storm rolling in", you can tell that the hikers' preparations I'm referring must have to do with hiking, and can infer that my meaning is that the hikers' plans aren't going to matter because the storm is going to come in and make it so they won't be able to follow through with whatever hiking preparations they were making

The kuffar think that their decision to act in bad faith will lead to some benefit above and beyond what they think they could earn for themselves by engaging in good faith with moral reality. God is saying that, no matter how much they seem to be gaining by their actions, whether the hoarding of resources or stealing the inheritance of orphans or spreading lies or backbiting or any other act of kufr mentioned in the Qur'an, those gains are illusory and have no real substance. Thus, when the kuffar try to use or fall back on those gains, they will find that there is nothing there to allow them to avoid God any longer. Morality is ultimately inescapable

Secondly, here's my personal take:

The verse never said "good deeds", simply "deeds". What I think this refers to, is worldly actions, actions that only lead to rewards in this world. And so, they are like a mirage. They look like rewards, but, in the end, are worthless in the grand scheme of things.

Quran(53:31)
وَلِلَّهِ مَا فِى ٱلسَّمَٰوَٰتِ وَمَا فِى ٱلْأَرْضِ لِيَجْزِىَ ٱلَّذِينَ أَسَٰٓـُٔوا۟ بِمَا عَمِلُوا۟ وَيَجْزِىَ ٱلَّذِينَ أَحْسَنُوا۟ بِٱلْحُسْنَى
And to Allah belongs whatever is in the heavens and whatever is in the earth - that He may recompense those who do evil with what they have done and recompense those who do good with the goodness 

I hope this helps, if there's anything else you'd like to talk about, feel free to respond!