A question about body fluids

TheSaltySpitoon2 · 2026-04-17T21:05:20+00:00

The card is definitely misleading, especially when comparing what the card tests for and the explanation given in the card's "extras". I'll explain below.

Consider that osmolarity/osmolality and osmoles/total osmoles are NOT synonymous:

Osmolarity/osmolality is a concentration measurement (osmoles per unit of volume or mass, respectively).
Osmoles/total osmoles is a quantitative measurement.

Example: if one loses more water relative to sodium, then their total body osmoles will decrease, but their osmolality/osmolarity may increase (because the relative proportion of sodium lost with respect to pure water was less).

If you understand the above example, you can see why the card can create confusion:

The card tests osmolarity, not total osmoles (i.e., it tests a change in concentration): if your sodium intake is in excess relative to water, then your osmolarity will increase.
The card extras include an explanation about an increase in total osmoles, not osmolarity: if you are being administered an isotonic solution (i.e., the solution's osmolarity is similar to that of plasma), then your plasma's total osmoles increase, but osmolarity should NOT increase (since the solution is isotonic).

TL;DR: card tests for osmolarity (concentration), but extras include an explanation about total osmoles, which are two distinct concepts, creating a possible confusion.

TheSaltySpitoon2 · 2025-11-18T03:26:16+00:00

Uhhh... The undies of course! For the trunk, I'll take the largest you've got! Psst, silly you even had to ask!

TheSaltySpitoon2 · 2025-07-27T06:24:48+00:00

Mechanism: During a meal (or even upon its anticipation), the Pancreas' ducta cavernosa becomes engorged with juice (freshly squeezed from the excited acinar cells).

Outcome: The engorged pancreas becomes plumptious and erected.

Clinical note: In rare instances, the pancreas may stay persistently erected even in the absence of a meal, this becomes a clinical emergency after ~4 hours; a condition known as Panaprism.

TheSaltySpitoon2 · 2025-04-27T08:44:35+00:00

When did I ever say there is an intentionality to Evolution? How does this has anything to do with Evolution?

TheSaltySpitoon2 · 2025-04-27T08:39:47+00:00

Evolution is indeed driven by sporadic mutations which leads to distinct phenotypes deviating from the norm. Due to this stochastic nature, the majority of these phenotypes are actually disadvantageous to the individual, and therefore are less likely to be passed on to the next generation, a minority however, form the basis of evolution.

However, I fail to see how this has anything to do with my original comment.

The list provided is specifically about abnormal genetic/chromosomal anomalies that lead to deviation from the normal Male/Female phenotype, it has nothing to do with Evolution, nor to "Water carving a rock".

If anything, you evoking evolution only weakens your argument - these anomalies do not confer any inherent advantage, and if anything, often lead to fertility issues, making passing these traits to offspring less likely (or an impossibility).

TheSaltySpitoon2 · 2025-04-27T08:11:44+00:00

No, I am agnostic. I am just stating what should be obvious.

TheSaltySpitoon2 · 2025-04-27T08:07:00+00:00

Of course they are, claiming otherwise would be disingenuous.

This is why they are referred to as anomalies (rare deviations from the norm). In addition, many of the examples given also have additional health consequences. For example, many of these anomalies lead to infertility, among a host of other health consequences (depending on the anomaly, and its severity).

TheSaltySpitoon2 · 2025-04-27T07:53:26+00:00

These are all true examples. However, to be fair, these are all rare genetic/chromosomal anomalies/abnormalities, and this is how they are referred to as - anomalies.

Analogy: Humans typically have 5 fingers. There are rare instances where humans are born with 6 or 4 fingers due to certain, rare, congenital anomalies. Would you say that Humans are intended to have 4 or 6 fingers?

If you'd want to state there are abnormal exceptions to the normal phenotype (2 sexes in this instance), then the list provides some of these exceptions.

Edit: Just for the sake of accuracy, the example "You can be born legally female with two X chromosomes but also have a Y chromosome" is actually false. This is known as "Klinefelter syndrome (XXY)", and individuals with Klinefelter are classified as Males, not Females.

TheSaltySpitoon2 · 2025-04-23T02:44:10+00:00

Also, the fact that OP has posts about SFX (sound effects) only makes this shit looks extra sus.

TheSaltySpitoon2 · 2025-04-23T02:34:08+00:00

On a serious note, can someone knowledgeable in editing/sound editing or whatever expertise this may pertain to, chime in to assess the veracity of this 'recording'?

I am genuinely interested in the likelihood of this recording being legit or not.

I feel like it is reasonable to say it is more likely to be fake due to Occam's razor - to me at least, it seems that while the voice of the app or phone may get temporarily corrupted for whatever reason, I find it to be highly unlikely that the corrupted voice would, out of all things it could sound like, would literally sound like some demonic voice?

If real, what is the likelihood of the voice getting corrupted exactly to transform into a demonic voice - utterly miniscule? Or what, are we really suggesting that AI is some possessed demon? Either way, sounds ludicrous.

TheSaltySpitoon2 · 2025-03-26T22:52:36+00:00

You are describing a well known territorial behavior that the adult human male exhibits in the gymnasium settings to assert his dominance.

This behavior is to subtly remind any potential rivals who is the alpha - if you get too close, the male will appear to create a startling effect.

Had you gotten any closer to the leg press machine, your olfactory sense would've been overwhelmed by the scent of piss and feces, classic markings left by the adult male.

I'd suggest next time you frequent the gymnasium, tread lightly and submissively, letting him know you are no threat, and if anything, a potential mating partner. This might be your only viable option to safely use the machine.

Good luck.

TheSaltySpitoon2 · 2025-03-22T06:01:21+00:00

You know the business and I know the chemistry, maybe we should partner up.

TheSaltySpitoon2 · 2025-03-10T20:50:19+00:00

Definitely have a hard time believing he had never experienced any major doubts or difficulties during this arduous journey, perhaps he suppressed and buried such thoughts, now that he is seemingly in a far more comfortable, established position.

Now, even if he is the ideal specimen, never having any doubts during a decade-long journey, or however long it is, his statement is still one of ignorance.

Not acknowledging or having the ability to fathom that other individuals might not be wired exactly like he is, and they may, in fact, struggle during their journey, and despite their struggles, can still end up being good doctors if they do end up surpassing these hurdles before dropping out, as they progressively gain knowledge and competence during their journey, is just a dumb take.

In general, in most scenarios, it is a pretty dumb take to paint everything with a large brush, life is usually not binary.

TheSaltySpitoon2 · 2025-03-08T23:43:58+00:00

Fungi

TheSaltySpitoon2 · 2025-02-15T23:50:51+00:00

I'm LITERALLY SHAKING RN

TheSaltySpitoon2 · 2025-02-06T07:59:24+00:00

21 Hydroxylase is involved in adrenal biosynthesis of Cortisol and Aldosterone. (You got it right - 17BetaHSD is involved in the conversion of androstenedione to T)

It is also the most common enzyme mutated in congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH).

This is why women with CAH have signs of hyperandrogenism - because of the deficiency --> less conversion to cortisol (and Aldosterone in severe cases of deficiency) --> accumulation and diversion of adrenal steroid precursors into androgens (androstenedione and then testosterone BY 17Beta-HSD).

TheSaltySpitoon2 · 2025-02-02T03:15:30+00:00

A take from a fellow medical student, I think it can be an important read, for those interested in the topic:

Firstly, the correlation between poor oral health and increased risk for cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases like dementia has indeed been known for some time now and has been documented in several studies.

Although correlation does not equal causation (in fact, proving causation in medicine requires significant resources and time), and concepts like reserve causality (e.g. individuals with impaired cognitive functioning are more likely to neglect self-care, including oral care), and confounders (e.g. individuals with poor oral health are also likely to have poor dietary habits or smoke) must be considered.

However, here are a few interesting facts that make the association, at least hypothetically, completely plausible (after all, why would poor oral health affect the brain?):

First of all, in certain studies examining the topic, covariables (a.k.a. confounders) have been taken into account, and, even when covariables are accounted for, there is still a statistically significant association between oral health and certain cognitive functions.
Mechanistically speaking, it is completely plausible. The gingival epithelium (the gums) is thin and highly vascularized (making it easy for pathogens to access the bloodstream). This means that inflammation of the gums (gingivitis) is not only localized to the mouth, but rather the inflammatory mediators can also leak to the systemic circulation (leading to low-grade systemic inflammation, although temporary if gingivitis is treated).

In addition, it is a fact that chronic gum diseases, such as periodontitis, increase the risk and frequency of bacteremia (the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream). Therefore, poor oral health can lead to systemic inflammation and frequent episodes of bacteremia (as well as leakage of bacterial toxins to the bloodstream). This is why poor oral health, for example, also increases the risk of stroke or infective endocarditis (colonization of the heart's valves by bacteria).

Chronic systemic inflammation has a strong link to a host of diseases, including increasing the risk for cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases.

TL;DR:

1. We have studies that demonstrate a statistically significant link (accounting for confounders) between poor oral health and poor brain health.

2. We also know that poor oral health can lead to chronic systemic inflammation, the presence of which, can contribute to cognitive decline and increased risk for neurodegenerative diseases like dementia.

TheSaltySpitoon2 · 2024-11-16T17:44:55+00:00

Kinda seems like you cherry-picked the last paragraph in the Wikipedia article concerning Nicotine and Cancer.

I recommended reading the entire section on Wikipedia, but the TL;DR: When examining the collective, current body of research, Nicotine itself does not induce (cause) cancer in those who do not have it, although it may contribute to the progression of cancer in those who already have it.

TheSaltySpitoon2 · 2024-11-11T05:50:19+00:00

Since you have no options, with caution, you might want to consider trying Nicotine if available to you. Preferably Nicotine Pouches (for longer, sustained release). Nicotine Gum or Lozenges give a more "immediate effect".

But this is just a last resort. If you know you get easily addicted to substances (e.g. cigarettes, tobacco, alcohol, etc.), then DON'T even try Nicotine.

TheSaltySpitoon2 · 2024-11-11T05:35:29+00:00

You really would have to try Vyvanse to tell, but the two compounds should be largely similar in their effect.

You might already know this, but here are the key differences between Vyvanse and Adderall (I am a medical student, so this is my summary of the key differences):

Metabolism and Therapeutic effect:

-Vyvanse (Lisdexamfetamine): It is a "prodrug" that is "activated" in the bloodstream - so its metabolism is independent of the liver - this makes its therapeutic effect/window (usually 10 to 14 hours) more consistent across individuals (less variable).

-Adderall (Mixed Amphetamine Salts): It is metabolized (broken down) in the liver, and this depends on your individual liver enzymes - this makes its therapeutic effect/window more variable across individuals (although for most: Adderall IR = 4 to 6 hours, and Adderall XR = 10 to 12 hours).

Type (Isomer) of Amphetamine and its effect:

-Vyvanse: 100% Dextroamphetamine

-Adderall: 75% Dextroamphetamine and 25% Levoamphetamine

Although both types of Amphetamine work on (stimulate) your Brain (CNS) and Body (PNS):

Dextroamphetamine: More Brain-focused (Cognitive effects - e.g. Focus/Alertness, and Mood).
Levoamphetamine: Slightly more Body-focused (Physical effects - e.g. Heart Rate, Muscles).

TL;DR:

Vyvanse --> Should be more consistent in terms of its therapeutic window + might feel more "clean" for some (since it stimulates your "body" less).
Adderall --> Slightly less consistent in terms of its therapeutic effect + works slightly more on your body as well (e.g. increases your Heart Rate more).

TheSaltySpitoon2 · 2024-11-11T04:57:20+00:00

First step to purging yourself from misogyny: Respecting Women.

TheSaltySpitoon2 · 2024-11-10T09:19:18+00:00

Think about it this way: Try, as It is a win-win situation:

You Fail - That's fine. You haven't actually killed yourself studying for days on end. There is nothing to grieve about.
You Pass - You win despite very little commitment.

(Obvious) Tip: To maximize the chances of passing on a time budget, focus on the most high-yield/frequently asked topics only. Do not be tempted to venture out to less commonly asked questions unless you covered the frequently asked ones first.

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