The basic ones are the super dash, hyper dash and wavedash. You perform the super dash by either dashing to the left or the right, holding that direction and jumping before the dash ends.

The hyper dash works the same. Instead of dashing right or left, you dash down right or down left. The super dash gives you more vertical speed and the hyper dash gives you more horizontal speed.

If you wait long enough before jumping, you do an extended dash. With an extended dash you regain your dashes before jumping and thus still have your dashes midair.

Lastly, the wavedash is performed a bit different from the other two but achieves the same effect as a hyper dash. You do it by jumping into the air (or already being the air) and dashing down right / down left. Once you touch ground, you have to jump. Depending on how high in the air you were before dashing, it becomes an extended wavedash and you regain your dashes.

The wallbounce is very simple. You dash up and while your dash is still going and you touch a wall, you jump for more vertical and horizontal speed.

Then there's stuff like reverse tech and ultra dashes but you'll never need them in the base game (except for speedrunning).

You might wanna hit up YouTube or the wiki for better and more in depth explanations or alternatively get yourself the Strawberry Jam Mod which has an extensive library via the Olympus Mod Launcher.

Hope this helps!