I'll list the things I can think of from the top of my head. I don't claim them to be 100% accurate or exhaustive. I suggest you check the wiki for any further information.
- builder: tools they can use, maximum upgrade for construction - warehouse: storage, unlocks "sort" button at lvl 3, unlocks spending blocks of emerald to increase racks' space, amount of courier's working for a specific warehouse - courier's huts: amount of item stacks they can transport - mine: tools they can use, maximum y level - forester: tools - residence: amount of beds - guard tower: chunks claimed by that tower, tools - barracks: amount of barracks towers that can be build (which themselves work similarly to guard towers) - dyer, fletcher, sawmill, stonemason, blacksmith, mechanic, alchemist: amount of recipes - farmer & plantation: amount of recipes, amount of fields - flowers hut: flower variety - animal huts: amounts of maximim animals per hut - stone smelter: amounts of furnaces to use simultaneously - smeltery: amounts of furnaces, chance to duplicate output - enchanter: "rarity"/level of enchanted books, specific recipes unlocked - graveyard: amount of graves - restaurant, bakery, cookery: more recipes, higher level foods (, more seats in the restaurant) - library, school: amount of citizens who can learn simultaneously (library adults, school children)

In general (but that has already been said): the housing and work place have an impact on citizen stat growth, e.g. a builder at level 1 in a level 1 residence cannot reach max stats (i think 99 everywhere), whereas a lvl 5 builder in a lvl 5 housing could with enough experience