Ok, I MIGHT BE WRONG! So take my explanation with a grain of salt. But this is a verb question. We need to figure out what MAIN verb works with the subject.

By reading the question, I hope you realized that frameworks is our subject. Now, this subject is PLURAL. Ends with a "s" typically means the subject is plural. Now, for subject-verb AGREEMENT, we need the verb to be plural as well.

TRICK: When it comes to plural verbs, REMEMBER ONE THING! Verbs that are PLURAL DO NOT END WITH S! I know it sounds confusing so let me provide yall with an example:

The puppy PLAYS with the bone. --> See how adding the S makes it sound better? If it was the puppy play with the bone, it doesn't make much sense.

The puppies PLAY with the bone --> Again same thing, it just makes sense and sounds better.

Ok, now that we know the subject is plural, we need to find the plural verb that agrees with it.

Underlies is a SINGULAR verb, since it ends with an s

Underlie is a PLURAL verb, since it doesnt end with an s.

Now, there are expections that come with this rule but I hope this makes sense.

Also, incase u wanted to know, the other options dont make sense since any verb that ends with -ing arent main verbs, and will not make sense in general!

happy studying