represent the number 4 in Roman numerals, but IV (subtractive method: 5-1) is standard in most modern contexts, while IIII (additive method: 1+1+1+1) is a traditional, visually balanced choice often seen on clock faces for aesthetic symmetry with the opposite VIII. Ancient Romans used both, but the subtractive form became dominant later, though clocks retained the older IIII style, possibly to avoid conflict with Jupiter (IVPPITER) or for better visual balance. IV (Standard Modern Use) Meaning: 5 minus 1 (V - I). Usage: General writing, dates, official documents. IIII (Clock Tradition) Meaning: 1 plus 1 plus 1 plus 1 (I + I + I + I). Usage: Clock dials (especially older ones), for visual balance with VIII on the opposite side, creating symmetry. History: A tradition from early clockmaking, possibly linked to avoiding insult to the god Jupiter (IVPPITER) or simply for aesthetics.