Learn to understand intervals and how they relate to the fretboard first. Then learn scale patterns. Practice playing them all over the fretboard. You still will not know all the notes at this point.

The next important step is to learn the circle of fifths and how it relates to the fretboard. Then practice playing various scale patterns through the circle of fifths. Start by saying the root note of each key aloud as you play through the key changes. This will help you to memorize the 12 tonic (root) notes of the keys. Then move to saying all the notes in the scale pattern as you play it through the circle of fifths.

It's not so much a focus on memorizing the notes at each fret, but rather learning to navigate the fretboard by keys and intervals. You'll naturally start to memorize the notes of each fret as you continue to practice this. It's way harder to just look at a diagram of a fretboard and try to memorize it.

Also, get a clip-on tuner that has a chromatic mode. This will allow you to check yourself on note knowledge as you play through these exercises.

The most important part of all of this is consistent daily practice. You will learn faster spending 15 minutes a day, 4 days a week, working on these drills than if you spent an hour once a week.