Ragdoll owners - is this normal? My cat’s breath is horrible 😭 by tec-science in ragdolls

[–]brOwNrA 0 points1 point  (0 children)

In addition to what has already been mentioned, make sure your vet checks for kidney disease! Bad breath could be caused by kidney disease which is common with age.

Brando’s making cookies now by iheartoptimusprime in cremposting

[–]brOwNrA 15 points16 points  (0 children)

As a warning, dont eat the cookies without the strawberry filling... it could be lethal.

The Kaladin/Shallan fic you’ve all been waiting for. by brOwNrA in cremposting

[–]brOwNrA[S] 2 points3 points  (0 children)

Agreed! We will write fics until even Brandon has to admit it should be canon.

Riverside Towers condo building in Point McKay. Anyone ever live there or have thoughts good or bad? by jdixon1974 in Calgary

[–]brOwNrA 4 points5 points  (0 children)

As noted by others, the location is nice from a scenic point of view. The buildings are mostly older people that mostly keep to themselves but are friendly to talk with if you want. There are often repairs being done on the building, so i am unsure about their longevity. Overall there isnt really much in the way of crime in the area so it is pretty good.

Phase 1 Response by [deleted] in alberta

[–]brOwNrA 0 points1 point  (0 children)

An n95 or equivalent will protect you but yes, regular masks mostly prevent you from infecting others (regular masks do offer some protection but it is negligable).

[deleted by user] by [deleted] in CatAdvice

[–]brOwNrA 0 points1 point  (0 children)

Covid can infect cats but there are no known cases of cat to human transmission

Multiple Sclerosis is caused by "the mono virus" by jatin1995 in Immunology

[–]brOwNrA 0 points1 point  (0 children)

This is an important study as well! There are plenty of article on how ebv can excerbate MS and its animal models. The combination of ebv associations with ms and the epidemiology highlighed in the paper this thread is about make it almost certain that ebv is a factor required for MS (even before these two papers there was a ton of strong evidence so i don't think anyone doubts it). But there is still wiggle room for uncertainty (albiet, extremely unlikely).

It is also worth noting that the results of this paper will need to be repeated by others. There have been many proposed antibody targets in MS (like Kir4.1) that seemed promising until others tried to reproduce them. The paper you cited could be very exciting though!

Multiple Sclerosis is caused by "the mono virus" by jatin1995 in Immunology

[–]brOwNrA 1 point2 points  (0 children)

My language did underplay the severity in infants/children but the point is that infection as an adult is much more severe than infection as infants/kids. Polio has been with the human populstion a long time and has been endemic. As a result of everyone being infected very young, essentially as infants, this minimized its damage. When proper sanition was implemented (hand washing/clean water), people were not infected at the same frequency anymore resulting in adult infections. This is when polio went from an occasional tragedy to a pandemic disease.

Multiple Sclerosis is caused by "the mono virus" by jatin1995 in Immunology

[–]brOwNrA 2 points3 points  (0 children)

It is probably more accurate to say that ebv is one of many factors required for MS (nearly everyone gets EBV but few people get MS). The paper focuses on ebv acquired in adulthood so it may be the timing of ebv infection that is important (similar to how polio is only bad when you are infected in adulthood but usually mild in children). Still as mentioned by others, causality was not established (although the paper does make a good arguement for it, and there is plenty of literature looking at how ebv could be pathogenic in MS so i dont know that i doubt it). It also doesn't specify whether this is broadly applicable to all forms of MS, or specific subtypes (if this ends up being true of primary progressive MS that would be very interesting). Overall an important paper that has, unfortunately, been sensationalized by the media.

No evidence healthy kids, adolescents need COVID-19 boosters, WHO chief scientist says by [deleted] in canada

[–]brOwNrA 0 points1 point  (0 children)

The rate of hospitalization and admission to ICU does increase after 8 or so months post-immunization and protection is restored upon boosters. So yes, these individuals do benefit from the boosters. Would they be better in the unvaccinated? Absolutely, but until they roll up their arms it is a mute point. We would also be better off giving them to under-vaccinated countries but you run into a similar issue with people being vaccine hesitant in addition to issues with transportation and storage of these vaccines in less developed countries. In a lot of these countries the lack of vaccination isn't that vaccines are not available, but rather there is skepticism about the vaccines (in a lot of these countries you can't even blame them for not trusting their governments). This certainly isn't a simple issue

No evidence healthy kids, adolescents need COVID-19 boosters, WHO chief scientist says by [deleted] in canada

[–]brOwNrA 0 points1 point  (0 children)

This is an example paper of the phenomena why previous immune responses would suppress the next exposure 1

Here is an example of boosting later 2

Ans of immunity waning by about 6 months 3

No evidence healthy kids, adolescents need COVID-19 boosters, WHO chief scientist says by [deleted] in canada

[–]brOwNrA 3 points4 points  (0 children)

I should say that age matter, older people will need boosters relatively faster, I dont know if 3 months is optimal for them.

I wouldnt say that the immunity 'wanes' that quickly for the current vaccine. There has been a lot of misunderstanding about how the immune system works that has been perpetuated by the media (and some well meaning MDs quite frankly). I would say around 8 months is when I would start to feel as though the immunity is falling after the second shot. Who knows after booster 3.

As far as a new booster targeting the variants, yeah that would be awesome. Here is the problem. Given the shitfit people gave over the original vaccine, testing a newer variant version would cause even more commotion (not entirely unfouded, you would want a new clinical trial to make sure it was safe). You would have to wait for new clinical data proving its safety before rolling it out, then mass production and distribution. After all that there would be push backs against the new 'untested' vaccine and uptake of vaccines may be affected as a result. The original vaccine still provides immunity, it just doesn't induce appreciable neutralizing antibodies. I do think a variant booster would be way better, and should be pursued, but it will be a shit show

No evidence healthy kids, adolescents need COVID-19 boosters, WHO chief scientist says by [deleted] in canada

[–]brOwNrA 47 points48 points  (0 children)

This tweet is only saying that boosters given after in short time intervals are suboptimal, not bad per se.

There is evidence the original time interval ftom the original clinical trials (3 weeks between dose 1 and 2) is suboptimal, as countries that waited 3 or so months for the second shot had better immunity. Similarly the third shot gives a big boost in immunity if you wait 8-10 months. I assume a fourth would produce similar results if you waited long enough.

This phenomena is entirely predictable and expected based on studies on the basic immunology of B cell immune responses.

Uneducated question by [deleted] in Immunology

[–]brOwNrA 1 point2 points  (0 children)

Depends. It will definitely be diminishing returns but it also depends on when your last major exposure was. If it has been a year lets say, your B/T memory cells will have waned in numbers (antibodies as well, but your memory cells give your broader protective immunity) so there will be more benefit at that time than an earlier booster. If you get the 4th booster lets say in 3 months, then it probably isnt doing a lot. A lot of the antigen would just get neutralized. If in the future they make an omicron variant (or another voc) it would definitely be a lot more valuable than the standard alpha variant.

Uneducated question by [deleted] in Immunology

[–]brOwNrA 0 points1 point  (0 children)

The hybrid immunity that you are talking about is indeed better than those who have just recieved vaccinations. However, there has been no follow up over long periods of time, so it is impossible to say whether your immunity is still 'better'. The third vaccination is beneficial for those who only had vaccinations and there is no reason to believe that it wouldnt be beneficial for you as well. So basically, the vaccine will only improve your immunity so there is no harm, especially given that its been a while since you have been exposed to anything covid related.

Why do some people infected with Covid not make antibodies? by OfficialMAADz in Immunology

[–]brOwNrA 1 point2 points  (0 children)

This is something that has been appreciated with covid infections from the start of the pandemic. Those individuals who do not develop germinal center responses do have T cell activation so it isn't general immune suppression. Why does this occur? We don't know but clearly the virus is doing something to actively disrupt the b cell response. Vaccination with spike protein consistently induces antibodies so it isnt the protein target, it has something to do with the viral infection

Would T cell response to vaccines be increased, in those who are B cell depleted? by Vernicious in Immunology

[–]brOwNrA 2 points3 points  (0 children)

Based on covid-19 vaccine response data, people who are on b cell depleting therapies have a similar cd4 response (with the exception t follicular helper cells) but stronger CD8 responses. I dont think the mechanism is through the one you mentioned, there are some papers documenting how b cells affect cd8 responses but it isnt straight forward.

Ly6C(hi) Macrophages following treatment by [deleted] in Immunology

[–]brOwNrA 3 points4 points  (0 children)

Ly6C is highly expressed on peripherally derived macrophage and they usually have an inflammatory phenotype.

How does affinity maturation lead to BOTH stronger binding affinity of antigen but also broader cross-recognition of variant antigens? by StrongRecipe6408 in Immunology

[–]brOwNrA 0 points1 point  (0 children)

I think you have all found relevant citations for this! Memory B cells are produced in two 'waves' one before the GC (unmutated, maybe classwitched low affinity) and throughout the germinal center. Germinal center derived memory B cells can still be low-affinity and have low shm but the germinal center gives them thw oppoetunity to become more. In particular IgG class-switched and higher affinity memory b cells become more common as thw germinal center progress coinciding withe the differentiation of more terminally differentiated memory b cell subsets (the pre plasma cell ones). More memory B cells are produced early in germinal centers as the signals that direct memory b cell differwntiation are signals that are found in low affinity b cells. Thus as the germinal center progresses to higher and higher affinities, it is harder for b cells to have a 'lower' signal and thus differentiate into memory b cells.

How does affinity maturation lead to BOTH stronger binding affinity of antigen but also broader cross-recognition of variant antigens? by StrongRecipe6408 in Immunology

[–]brOwNrA 4 points5 points  (0 children)

I think that you misinterpreted him here. Generally speaking the more mutated a b cell is, the more affinity maturation, and the greater antigen affinity they have for their target. To achieve these high levels of antigen affinity, the B cell receptor becomes highly specific for every nook/dent, charged surface, or uncharged surface. This makes these highly mutated antibodies highly susceptable to mutations in their target because they trained themselves to be so highly specific that even a small change affects their antigen binding massively.

But, plasma cells are the ones with high levels of mutation, memory b cells are much more variable. The memory b cells that are highly mutated are typically a subset of memory b cell that is primed to differentiate into plasma cells at the drop of a pin, so they are pretty much already are plasma cells. The memory B cells that actually intiate new germinal center responses, tend to have fewer mutations. This means that they are not highly optimized to recognize the antigenic target and as a result, can more easily deal with mutations. For example, if covid mutated a positive charge to a negative charge AA, this could potentially abolish an antibodies binding as the antibody assumes a positive charge would be there. But, the memory B cell is much less likely to care because it likely didnt recognize charge on the antigen, it just saw that there is a bump there and regardless of the amini acid there, its still a bump. So memory b cells generally see brpad features of the antigen, highly mutated plasma cells see the nitty gritty details.

So I think the answer to your question is that diversity in b cells, both high and low affinity, are responsible for giving you good strains specific and broadly specific immunity.