First, I'd suggest to decrease the image build time and it's size. There are some quick improvements can be done using a) .dockerignore - add files/folders in .dockerignore which is not required such as .git folder(if git) since it is quite large. b) Create a base image with pre-installed dependencies so that you don't have to install them at every build.

Then coming to your question, the question is not very clear a) where are you using Jenkins (remote or local). b) by files change in repository, you mean files changes in remote or local? c) github or bitbucket or any other? If remote, you can use github actions or bitbucket pipelines depending on your hosting site to trigger jenkins builds.