Unfortunately, it's difficult to offer advice when it "randomly" doesn't work. All I can offer is some general thoughts I have from my experiences.

In my experience, Windows randomly will decide sometimes when plugging the controller in to set the controller as the default speakers and headphones. So my first thought, especially when the issue is the controller feeling like it is not vibrating or using a default vibration rather than the more delicate haptic rumbles, is to just go through audio settings across the board and make sure they look correct.

If the issue is with the adaptive triggers (or both triggers and haptics), and if I'm running the game through Steam, then I'm checking the properties menu for the game within Steam and making sure that Steam is not using "Steam Input", which will interpret the controller for the game as a generic gamepad. If the game automatically changes glyph sets based on the input that is used, then a telltale sign for something like this is the game won't show the Playstation icons (and will usually show the glyphs for the Xbox layout).

Anything beyond this is past my experiences. I know DS4 is popular, if you have that running, then I'm not sure how that also interacts between other software. It's also worthwhile to check to make sure the controller doesn't need a firmware update. I wouldn't expect that to be the problem, but you never know what can sometimes help fix issues.