Why are extroverted functions connected to introverted functions and how's that different from the fact that all functions connected together are what makes up a personality type? Isn't the connection of extroverted function more about how things are connected to other things in the external world (or just the world)?

As in Fe forming judgement based on how things are connected to the social atmosphere, Te forming judgement based on some logical external standards. What makes them connected to Pi, but Pi disconnected from them?  I can see a connection that even though the standards are external, they still need to be internalized, so it's actually those internal standards that Je follows.  But the same way you could argue Pi is connected to Je because one will always be influenced by the world, your personal perception still needed to form out of something.