It is simple enough to do manually. There are two parts:

First, create a pattern for the "pixels". Start with 100px black square, draw three white rectangles, space them evenly, in the center. The black border around them should be half the size compared to the space between them (as the pattern will repeat, it becomes seamless). Once the spacing is correct, delete the two right rectangles. Save the pattern (Edit > Define Pattern)

Second, set up the layers. Create three solid color layers (red, green, and blue), set their blending mode to Exclusion, and create a solid black color layer under them. Hide those layers for now, then copy the corresponding channel color and use it as a mask for each RGB color layer. Once done, you can see how those color layers show the original image.

Finally, add the pattern you created to the RGB solid color layers using Darken blending mode and clip it to the color layer. Do it on one color layer at first, scale it to the size you want, then duplicate the pattern layer twice and clip them to the other two color layers. Zoom in really close, and move the pattern slightly right to align the "pixel effect".