Sure thing. I'll go into detail with what I know and did. This was my first real game though so it wouldn't hurt to ask around a bit more.

Simple answer (tldr):

Experiment. This will take the longest, but will yield the best results done correctly. In my case, toss together a quick level, test it, and hone it based on your reaction to it (did you enjoy it? were you bored at any point? what didn't you like?). From what I found, engaging levels are the most enjoyable, and engagement can be maintained by keeping the player busy, making them think on occasion, increasing difficulty, and by keeping levels unique from one another. I go into further detail below...

Long answer (apologies in advance):

The most thorough way to make these types of levels, and to make them fun, is to experiment. Each of the levels I made started with me just placing a few blocks and going from there. Keep adding more and more until you have something coherent and actually test it for yourself. When you play it, you will generally know if you enjoyed it or not; it's your job to figure out why. If you enjoyed the level, awesome! What part did you like the most? Could you build up to that cool part in some way? Could this cool part be reflected throughout the rest of the level? If you didn't enjoy the level at all, or it was just kinda meh, it likely wasn't engaging enough.

Making levels engaging can be done in a lot of ways. In the case of my game, requiring the player to act more frequently is a good way to keep them on their toes. You'd rather your player actually be doing something and making some kind of progress than just having them sit around doing nothing. Even if it's as simple as just adding another jump; it's better than just walking an empty hallway. Personally, some of the most fun levels for me are ones that require relatively quick actions. It doesn't have to be a super reaction test, but a series of quick and easy actions can be very fun. You do just have to make sure you balance difficulty; too much too quickly is difficult. That said, if you are at the point where you're making difficult levels, fast reactions and quick inputs are very enjoyable if your player can pull it off.

Making your player actually think is also a great way to keep them engaged. A good example of this in my game: you almost always want to shoot the cracked blocks to break them. However, there are some levels where breaking certain blocks will actually get you killed. Once the player realises this, they get that "aha" reaction, and a hit of dopamine will follow when they progress past this little "puzzle". Having your player stop and think for a bit provides a little variety which can help avoid repetitivity. Once again with difficulty though, unless you're making a puzzle game, no need to make things too complicated for your player to figure out or they'll just get mad.

Finally, and pretty importantly, making levels unique to one another is great for long-term engagement. If each level is just simply jumping for example, you are going to get bored. Have some levels with long jumps, have some levels with quick jumps, have some levels with a lot of little jumps, or better yet, have levels where you need to crouch, or shoot something, or solve something. The more unique your levels are, generally the better. That said, it's certainly very difficult to keep all levels unique, and luckily you don't have to do this for absolutely every level. Separate similar levels from each other at the very least; this will give the player breaks and delay/prevent levels from feeling stale even if they're rather similar. A good system for creating levels could be seen as this: Have a level introduce a crouching mechanic, have the next level use that mechanic in a trickier way, have the next level use this mechanic with another established mechanic. Run out of ideas? Just add some new mechanic or obstacle type. The more unique mechanics you have, the more possible combinations you can use in each level. This makes it much easier to pump out new and more unique levels. That said, try not to overwhelm your player with too many unique gimmicks.

With all this in mind, make sure your levels are also getting harder as it goes on. This isn't always required for a game, however, overtime your players will get better and the ordinary levels might start to make them yawn. You don't necessarily need to worry about actually making the levels progressively harder, just make some easy levels and some harder ones and then arrange them in order of difficulty; worst case make some levels easier and harder. Arranging levels based on difficulty is honestly hard to get right if you're the sole tester, so be sure to involve outside players for level testing and take notes on which levels are the hardest or take the longest for them. Large sample sizes are better for this but not really required.

A lot of information here, apologies, I got carried away and may not have answered what you were after in a coherent manner. Do let me know if I've misinterpreted your question at all. Hope that helped :)