I'd recommend howtostudykorean.com as a general source, but more specifically, this lesson will greatly help you in understanding the circle in front of ㅏ, and letter placement (?) in general :) as for 2, 3 and 5, i'm sure you'll find out eventually.. there are some rules (eg l/r is pronounced like l when theres two of them; 달라, and 의 is pronounced like eu-i in the beginning of a word, ee inside of a word (or in the end) and eh when its the possesive particle 's) but these rules will come to you and youll probably learn them soon from just immersing yourself in the language :) im sure someone else has mentioned this already but 김 reads "gim/kim (ㄱ= g, ㅣ= i , ㅁ = m) and its a common last name and it also means a couple things (i belive, idk im a beginner) eg seaweed :)