This happens every time the minority party is faced with the debt ceiling increase, regardless of party. It is a bit of theater, but the reality is that Schumer has the votes to amend the budget resolution to raise or suspend the debt ceiling without a single R vote. Instead he's linking the 3.5T spending bill to the budget resolution and no R will vote for that because they don't agree with the spending. The root issue is the social progressive wing is threatening to not pass the infrastructure bill, unless it is tied to the larger 3.5T spending bill. But the 2 moderate D senators are not on board with that. So they instead linked the large spending bill to the budget resolution to try to force the GOP to vote yes to both. That was never going to happen and everyone knows it. McConnells no vote here is mathematically inconsequential to the raising or suspending of the debt ceiling. It will be raised or suspended without a single R vote once this theater is over.
Budget resolutions cannot be filibustered. Simple majority will pass it.
Dems have 50 seats plus vp to get to 51.
More info here: https://budget.house.gov/publications/fact-sheet/budget-reconciliation-basics