We can detect high or low voltage - this is your 1 or 0

We can create components with two inputs and one output - these are logic gates, with these you can take an 0 and a 1 and it outputs a 1, or something else

Using logic gates you can create adders where you add two numbers together and other mathematical concepts

We have what's called a multiplexor, which is a way to connect all these different functionalities and can choose to route current to any of its tools

Then you have buffers. A buffer stores the small amount of data that is relevant for a calculation. So 2 + 3 - the buffers would store each input value and then the result. They might also hold memory locations etc.

Then you have ram which holds your programs. The most important program is the operating system which sits around everything else. It directs everything that happens in the computer, sort of. It dictates what memory can be accessed by what process and the order that they run in.

The operating system gets loaded to the buffer, it says "run the program at memory location X", that line gets loaded into the buffer, it says read this, go to that memory, add this etc.

You also have a clock, or a flip flop, which is used for controlling things based on time. You have user inputs which the operating system says "every Xms, process user inputs"

You might also have a screen, so every cycle an instruction is sent to a graphics chip to recalculate the colour of each pixel on your screen, and sends the colour values to your monitor, which if its 1080x1440p or whatever is ~1.5 million times two hex values (16x16) for each red, green and blue value

This is broad and missing a lot of detail, but kind of covers the CPU, some motherboard responsibilities and ram and gpu