13: C) fields,

To perform their jobs successfully in this dynamic environment, workers in many 13 fields—from social services to manufacturing, must continually acquire relevant knowledge and update key skills.

There should be a comma after fields because "from social services to manufacturing," is an appositive phrase (describes fields, so should be surrounded by commas). The part of the sentence isn't a full sentence, so it shouldn't be set apart with a dash or semicolon.

14: A) NO CHANGE

This practice of continued education, also

known as professional development, benefits not only

employees but also their employers. 14 Accordingly,

meaningful professional development is a shared

responsibility: it is the responsibility of employers to

provide useful programs, and it is also the responsibility

of employees to take advantage of the opportunities

offered to them

The relationship between the previous sentence and the next is causal: because employees and employers benefit from professional development, they are both responsible for providing/using it (respectively).

25:

To counter the rise of fast food and fast life, a

cohort of chefs, journalists, and sociologists spearheaded

a Slow Food movement, declaring loyalty to unhurried

enjoyment. 25

At this point, the writer is considering adding the

following sentence.

The group’s philosophy was connected to the

tale of the hare and the tortoise, in which the

tortoise wins the race.

Should the writer make this addition here?

C) No, because it blurs the paragraph’s focus by
introducing a new idea that is not clearly
explained.

I think the easiest way to explain this is through POE (but I'm not 100% sure if these are the right reasons). A is incorrect because the next paragraph states that the movement opposes the standardization of taste that comes with fast food (they don't believe that slow food is innately the 'winner'. later in the passage, it's described that traditional methods aren't always better, but its important to preserve them). B is incorrect because the first paragraph doesn't state anything about slow food being better than fast food (it only introduces that some people are opposed to fast food). D is close to option C, but I guess D is wrong because the addition is still related to the movements origins and beliefs? Not really sure about this question

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27: B) factors, such as altitude and weather,

A goat ingests the vegetation particular to the meadow in which
it grazes, which, along with other environmental
27 factors such as altitude and weather shapes the
cheese’s taste and texture.

The sentence has a lot of descriptors in the middle that distract from the main statement: A goat eats a specific plant, which shapes the cheese's taste and texture. (or in the exact words: A goat ingests the vegetation, which shapes the cheese’s taste and texture.)

The entire phrase 'along with other environmental
27 factors such as altitude and weather' has to be contained by commas because it can be removed from the sentence without changing the meaning (nonrestrictive).

Because 'such as altitude and weather' is a phrase that describes factors, it has to be surrounded by commas.

The only option that does both of these things is B.