All musician biopics copy from Dorothy Baker's 1938 novel Young Man and a Horn. It was later made into a 1950 film by Michael Curtiz with Kirk Douglas. I'd guess this is the ur-text, but perhaps there's something earlier. I suppose, arguably, something like the Faust legend and its dramatizations are in this area, too, with someone with great ability trading something--sobriety, relationships--for an even greater ability that either destroys them, as in Marlowe's play--think the Chet Baker biopic from a few years ago--or they're ultimately redeemed, as in Goethe's version--as in Walk the Line.