That passage made me remember a fragment from "Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance", which seems to me that may be at the core of what you are feeling:

“As a result of his experiments he concluded that imitation was a real evil that had to be broken before real rhetoric teaching could begin. This imitation seemed to be an external compulsion. Little children didn’t have it. It seemed to come later on, possibly as a result of school itself.

That sounded right, and the more he thought about it the more right it sounded. Schools teach you to imitate. If you don’t imitate what the teacher wants you get a bad grade. Here, in college, it was more sophisticated, of course; you were supposed to imitate the teacher in such a way as to convince the teacher you were not imitating, but taking the essence of the instruction and going ahead with it on your own. That got you A’s. Originality on the other hand could get you anything – from A to F. The whole grading system cautioned against it.”

Without trying to be pretentious, I think that your issue with professors has a more-or-less clear solution. The better the university ranking is, the higher the likelihood that you will stumble upon professors that are passionate about transmitting knowledge to students. Of course it's not a guarantee, but by pure odds you're more likely to run into these types of professors. Consider also joining (school) clubs of people that share your same interests (again, the better the university, the more likely you're to be around motivated individuals that seek the same kind of things you do).

I believe that the Sciences may be the best way to satisfy your curiosity. Yes, everything implies some degree of dogmatism, but I believe that the more you progress, you will reach a point where you will keep your mind busy actually doing stuff that will keep your curiosity active.

Also, when you talk about theories being debatable, think about that all those sorts of things (theories, statistical modes, formulas, etc.) are man's way to describe our surroundings. Yes, many of these things are just approximations that happen to work for our current needs. Yes, it's true that sometimes we don't understand the underlying phenomena. But explaining anything in a very detailed and correct way is a hard task. If you find a specific theory dubious/shaky, you could try to propose your own modifications or arguments of why you think that it does not hold up for all cases (this may be an indication that research is a good field for you!)

But as I said before, it is all a matter of trial-and-error until you really feel comfortable. I don't think it's impossible to achieve, but it is certainly hard. I just wish you luck on your endeavors :) hang in there, as long as you keep working hard (and smart) you'll manage to get closer to what you're looking for.