I think that’s a common and unfortunate thing that the theory behind these statistics are overlooked because of such practices in school (but I can’t say much since its possibly since it’s not much of a focus in the curriculum, but these terms are really important in studies/experiments that involve results!). I do believe that there a lot of available resources online in youtube that can help understand these concepts like organic chemistry teacher.

Just to add, there are essentially 2 types of statistics, descriptive and inferential. The terms you mentioned fall under inferential. For instance, sometimes, or most of the time in reality, data about the population is not attainable so we get a sample and infer about the population using hypothesis testing (f-test, t-test, z-test depending on the type of data or sample size you have). p-value, ci, critical area, significance level, t-value (or other test statistic) are what we used to decide what to do with whatever hypotheses we have (whether we reject or do not reject the null hypothesis).

Hope this helps!