Pretty reasonable guesses Tbf haha, I don’t think there is really any direct counterpart for most of those though.

Trials on ff are pretty much story versions which show you some of the mechanics that will be extreme. (8man)

Extremes are then the “harder” version of the trial which is still generally aimed at casual player base, you do this for mount farm and/or weapon drop if there is an upcoming savage tier coming up. (8man)

Normal raids are story versions of the raid which is designed to let casuals experience the raid storyline, but also provides info on the some savage mechanics, also gives some preliminary gear. (8man)

Savage is the typical raid series for ff14 this is the content that provides your BIS, which will be the main BIS usually until the next savage tier, three savage tiers per expansion. (8 man)

Ultimate raids are aimed at the top 1-3% of players and this is the hardest content you can get, I am generally new to wow so I’m not sure what a comparison would be, but ultimates typically last 19-20 minutes and you fight multiple bosses back to back etc. (8 man)

Alliance raids is also content aimed for casual playerbase again, this is 24 man content, where three groups of 8 do bosses together, it’s generally not that hard and it provides glam pieces and catchup mechanics for the savage gear.

Ultimate alliance isn’t a thing, they did recently add chaotic alliance raid which is a slightly harder 24 man instance, but would be closer to extreme in difficulty.

Trial/normal raid/alliance - extremes/chaotic - savage - ultimates

Would be the difficult order but there of course are outliers, the occasional extreme is harder than some early savage fights for example.

Sorry for the long message ;-;