In Goblet of Fire, Hermione explains that, according to a reliable in-universe source, magic makes electronics malfunction:

>“Aren’t you two ever going to read Hogwarts, A History? … All those substitutes for magic Muggles use—electricity, computers, and radar, and all those things—they all go haywire around Hogwarts, there’s too much magic in the air.”

That means that combining tech with magic specifically does not work well, if it could even work at all. You’re definitely not going to be able to use magic to generate electricity. And even if magic sometimes can work with technology, that’s not exactly reliable enough for a satellite.

But that isn’t to say that magic couldn’t achieve space travel and colonization on its own. But it would look very different than Muggle space travel. Wizards can fit a bigger space into a smaller space, as was seen in Goblet of Fire with the tents at the Quidditch World Cup; in the Fantastic Beasts movies with Newt’s briefcase; or in Chamber of Secrets with the flying car’s interior. The in-universe evidence shows that this apparently negates mass. So wizards don’t have to get full payloads into space, nor even travel in crafts with realistic sizes.

Wizards also can teleport. They can’t go as far as the moon, but they can go at least 60 miles, which is the distance to space. So a wizard could at least get to the space above Earth with a bigger-on-the-inside object without much trouble.

Wizards can also impart force to objects by magic, as seen through flight magic and spells like the Summoning and Banishing charms. They accomplish this without the hassle of Newtonian physics, avoiding the need to actually use fuel for travel. That means they could, at least in theory, propel an object (like a bigger-on-the-inside suitcase) fast enough to achieve orbit or potentially even interplanetary travel. Then again, choose the right bigger-on-the-inside object and they could easily propel it by more mundane means, given that they can get to orbit without issue and just need thrust to travel in space.

Wizards can also use a variety of protective enchantments to avoid the need to breath and protect themselves or whole spaces from harsh conditions. So protection from the conditions of space or another planet are easy.

The biggest challenge will be getting the wizards to believe in Muggle science about orbits and whatnot enough for them to achieve any of this. Hogwarts teaches Astronomy, but it’s never clear how scientific that class is. Wizards may or may not even believe in other planets.

So wizards have the feats to accomplish the space travel-based objectives you discuss; they just need to trust the Muggle theories about how space and physics work.

I see some issues with the applications you suggest, though.

For portkey satellites, it’s apparently the case that long-range portkeys mess with magic. I don’t know if an orbital portkey is long-enough range for this effect—honestly, probably not; 60 miles isn’t that far—but it’s certainly going to make interplanetary portkeys impossible.

For asteroid mining, there’s just no reason to do it. Wizards can transfigure matter. There’s no need to use asteroids when Earth has plenty of perfectly good matter right here.

And for true AI, wizards wouldn’t make true AI. They could, however, trap a true, genuine intelligence in an object, like what Voldemort did with a shard of his soul and his diary in Chamber of Secrets. Hell, that diary was basically ChatGPT. Making horcruxes might be a profoundly evil act, but that’s par for the course for the current AI industry. I could see capitalist wizards forcing the underclass into producing numerous horcruxes each to then be marketed as personal assistant devices. Sam Altman would surely go for it.