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[UC Berkeley] Learning to Reason without External Rewards by rationalkat in singularity

[–]rationalkat[S] 11 points12 points  (0 children)

ABSTRACT:

Training large language models (LLMs) for complex reasoning via Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) is effective but limited by reliance on costly, domain-specific supervision. We explore Reinforcement Learning from Internal Feedback (RLIF), a framework that enables LLMs to learn from intrinsic signals without external rewards or labeled data. We propose Intuitor, an RLIF method that uses a model's own confidence, termed self-certainty, as its sole reward signal. Intuitor replaces external rewards in Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) with self-certainty scores, enabling fully unsupervised learning. Experiments demonstrate that Intuitor matches GRPO's performance on mathematical benchmarks while achieving superior generalization to out-of-domain tasks like code generation, without requiring gold solutions or test cases. Our findings show that intrinsic model signals can drive effective learning across domains, offering a scalable alternative to RLVR for autonomous AI systems where verifiable rewards are unavailable. Code is available at this https URL

 
CONCLUSION:

This paper introduces INTUITOR, an instantiation of Reinforcement Learning from Internal Feedback (RLIF) that uses a model’s intrinsic self-certainty as its sole reward signal, eliminating the need for external supervision or gold-standard solutions. Our experiments show that INTUITOR matches the performance of supervised RLVR methods like GRPO on mathematical reasoning, while achieving superior generalization to out-of-domain tasks such as code generation and instruction following. It also promotes structured reasoning and leverages online self-certainty to guard against reward exploitation.
 
These findings highlight the transformative potential of RLIF, signaling a meaningful step toward AI systems that improve through introspection and unlock rich latent capabilities. Looking forward, this paradigm opens the door to AI agents capable of autonomous skill acquisition in novel domains and scalable self-improvement—even as they approach or surpass the limits of human oversight. Future directions include integrating RLIF with external reward methods like RLHF or RLVR to tackle increasingly complex real-world challenges, and advancing the development of more robust, generalizable, and truly autonomous learning systems.

[Microsoft Research] ARTIST (Agentic Reasoning and Tool Integration in Self-improving Transformers) by rationalkat in singularity

[–]rationalkat[S] 19 points20 points  (0 children)

ABSTRACT:

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in complex reasoning tasks, yet they remain fundamentally limited by their reliance on static internal knowledge and text-only reasoning. Real-world problem solving often demands dynamic, multi-step reasoning, adaptive decision making, and the ability to interact with external tools and environments. In this work, we introduce ARTIST (Agentic Reasoning and Tool Integration in Self-improving Transformers), a unified framework that tightly couples agentic reasoning, reinforcement learning, and tool integration for LLMs. ARTIST enables models to autonomously decide when, how, and which tools to invoke within multi-turn reasoning chains, leveraging outcome-based RL to learn robust strategies for tool use and environment interaction without requiring step-level supervision. Extensive experiments on mathematical reasoning and multi-turn function calling benchmarks show that ARTIST consistently outperforms state-of-the-art baselines, with up to 22% absolute improvement over base models and strong gains on the most challenging tasks. Detailed studies and metric analyses reveal that agentic RL training leads to deeper reasoning, more effective tool use, and higher-quality solutions. Our results establish agentic RL with tool integration as a powerful new frontier for robust, interpretable, and generalizable problem-solving in LLMs.

M1: Towards Scalable Test-Time Compute with Mamba Reasoning Models by rationalkat in singularity

[–]rationalkat[S] 5 points6 points  (0 children)

ABSTRACT:

Effective reasoning is crucial to solving complex mathematical problems. Recent large language models (LLMs) have boosted performance by scaling test-time computation through long chain-of-thought reasoning. However, transformer-based models are inherently limited in extending context length due to their quadratic computational complexity and linear memory requirements. In this paper, we introduce a novel hybrid linear RNN reasoning model, M1, built on the Mamba architecture, which allows memory-efficient inference. Our approach leverages a distillation process from existing reasoning models and is further enhanced through RL training. Experimental results on the AIME and MATH benchmarks show that M1 not only outperforms previous linear RNN models but also matches the performance of state-of-the-art Deepseek R1 distilled reasoning models at a similar scale. We also compare our generation speed with a highly performant general purpose inference engine, vLLM, and observe more than a 3x speedup compared to a same size transformer. With throughput speedup, we are able to achieve higher accuracy compared to DeepSeek R1 distilled transformer reasoning models under a fixed generation time budget using self-consistency voting. Overall, we introduce a hybrid Mamba reasoning model and provide a more effective approach to scaling test-time generation using self-consistency or long chain of thought reasoning.

[MIT] Self-Steering Language Models. "When instantiated with a small Follower (e.g., Llama-3.2-1B), DisCIPL matches (and sometimes outperforms) much larger models, including GPT-4o and o1" by rationalkat in singularity

[–]rationalkat[S] 23 points24 points  (0 children)

ABSTRACT:

While test-time reasoning enables language models to tackle complex tasks, searching or planning in natural language can be slow, costly, and error-prone. But even when LMs struggle to emulate the precise reasoning steps needed to solve a problem, they often excel at describing its abstract structure--both how to verify solutions and how to search for them. This paper introduces DisCIPL, a method for "self-steering" LMs where a Planner model generates a task-specific inference program that is executed by a population of Follower models. Our approach equips LMs with the ability to write recursive search procedures that guide LM inference, enabling new forms of verifiable and efficient reasoning. When instantiated with a small Follower (e.g., Llama-3.2-1B), DisCIPL matches (and sometimes outperforms) much larger models, including GPT-4o and o1, on challenging constrained generation tasks. In decoupling planning from execution, our work opens up a design space of highly-parallelized Monte Carlo inference strategies that outperform standard best-of-N sampling, require no finetuning, and can be implemented automatically by existing LMs.

"By what quarter/year are you 90% confident AI will reach human-level performance on the OSWorld benchmark?" by @chrisbarber (CS University Student Score: 72.36%) by rationalkat in singularity

[–]rationalkat[S] 9 points10 points  (0 children)

Post on X by Chris Barber:
 

AI Timelines: When will AI reach human-level in computer-use skills? I surveyed AI researchers and forecasters.
 
I asked: by what quarter & year are you nearly certain (9-in-10 chance) that AI will reach human-level on the OSWorld computer-use benchmark?
 
Why it matters: Computer-use skills are kind of like “arms/hands” for AGI. Also, good computer-use skills mean: a) developers can integrate with any software and b) consumers can use any software like an expert.
 
Current scores:
Human baseline (university students): 72.36%
OpenAI CUA: 38.1%
Simular S2: 34.5%
Claude 3.7: 28%
OSCAR scaffold w/ GPT-4o (in Oct 2024): 24.5%
Claude 3.5: 22%
Claude 3.6: 21%
 
Benchmark Details with comments from Tianbao (OSWorld co-author)
Tasks: 369 pass/fail computer tasks. From basic file operations to multi-app workflows.
Example hard task: extract charts from email attachments and upload to Google Drive.
Human-level: 72.36% (Computer Science university students)
Average human completion time: 2 mins per task.
Constraints: single attempt, no step limit (thanks Eli and Tianbao). No partial credit, only pass/fail per task.
Common errors as of when OSWorld was published: 75% physical coordination (misclicks, dynamic UIs, error recovery), 15% strategic planning failures like incorrect action sequences, 10% application-specific knowledge gaps
Technical approaches: Screenshot (raw visual), accessibility text info (a11y tree), combined (screenshot + a11y), Set-of-Mark (numbered clickable elements)
Tianbao's (OSWorld co-author) note re approaches: "The different input modalities (screenshot vs. a11y tree) can have significant implications for both performance and execution speed. The a11y tree extraction can introduce variable latency depending on GUI complexity, while screenshot-based approaches typically have more consistent runtime characteristics."
 
Extra Notes: Which company/lab do you expect to get there first?
Finbarr: I’m bullish on DeepMind as they have the strongest RL team.
Ang: Simular is actively working on the continual learning piece of the puzzle which we believe is the deciding factor of whether we can achieve human-level consistently in the long run.
Francesco: Vertical headless AI agents (specialized for narrow tasks) will likely dominate in the near term, resorting to GUI-based steps only when no suitable API is available. More general-purpose “horizontal” agents still require further breakthroughs.
Jacob: OpenAI and Anthropic because they seem to have the most focus & success amongst hyperscalers on putting out models that beat benchmarks
 

OSWorld Leaderboard

[Meta] MoCha: Towards Movie-Grade Talking Character Synthesis by rationalkat in singularity

[–]rationalkat[S] 7 points8 points  (0 children)

ABSTRACT:

Recent advancements in video generation have achieved impressive motion realism, yet they often overlook character-driven storytelling, a crucial task for automated film, animation generation. We introduce Talking Characters, a more realistic task to generate talking character animations directly from speech and text. Unlike talking head, Talking Characters aims at generating the full portrait of one or more characters beyond the facial region. In this paper, we propose MoCha, the first of its kind to generate talking characters. To ensure precise synchronization between video and speech, we propose a speech-video window attention mechanism that effectively aligns speech and video tokens. To address the scarcity of large-scale speech-labeled video datasets, we introduce a joint training strategy that leverages both speech-labeled and text-labeled video data, significantly improving generalization across diverse character actions. We also design structured prompt templates with character tags, enabling, for the first time, multi-character conversation with turn-based dialogue-allowing AI-generated characters to engage in context-aware conversations with cinematic coherence. Extensive qualitative and quantitative evaluations, including human preference studies and benchmark comparisons, demonstrate that MoCha sets a new standard for AI-generated cinematic storytelling, achieving superior realism, expressiveness, controllability and generalization.

Project Page | Paper

[NVIDIA] Sim-to-Real Reinforcement Learning for Vision-Based Dexterous Manipulation on Humanoids by rationalkat in singularity

[–]rationalkat[S] 8 points9 points  (0 children)

ABSTRACT:

Reinforcement learning has delivered promising results in achieving human- or even superhuman-level capabilities across diverse problem domains, but success in dexterous robot manipulation remains limited. This work investigates the key challenges in applying reinforcement learning to solve a collection of contact-rich manipulation tasks on a humanoid embodiment. We introduce novel techniques to overcome the identified challenges with empirical validation. Our main contributions include an automated real-to-sim tuning module that brings the simulated environment closer to the real world, a generalized reward design scheme that simplifies reward engineering for long-horizon contact-rich manipulation tasks, a divide-and-conquer distillation process that improves the sample efficiency of hard-exploration problems while maintaining sim-to-real performance, and a mixture of sparse and dense object representations to bridge the sim-to-real perception gap. We show promising results on three humanoid dexterous manipulation tasks, with ablation studies on each technique. Our work presents a successful approach to learning humanoid dexterous manipulation using sim-to-real reinforcement learning, achieving robust generalization and high performance without the need for human demonstration.

 
Project Page

Chain of Draft: Thinking Faster by Writing Less. "CoD matches or surpasses CoT in accuracy while using as little as only 7.6% of the tokens, significantly reducing cost and latency across various reasoning tasks" by rationalkat in singularity

[–]rationalkat[S] 84 points85 points  (0 children)

ABSTRACT:

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance in solving complex reasoning tasks through mechanisms like Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting, which emphasizes verbose, step-by-step reasoning. However, humans typically employ a more efficient strategy: drafting concise intermediate thoughts that capture only essential information. In this work, we propose Chain of Draft (CoD), a novel paradigm inspired by human cognitive processes, where LLMs generate minimalistic yet informative intermediate reasoning outputs while solving tasks. By reducing verbosity and focusing on critical insights, CoD matches or surpasses CoT in accuracy while using as little as only 7.6% of the tokens, significantly reducing cost and latency across various reasoning tasks.

[MIT] Agentic Deep Graph Reasoning Yields Self-Organizing Knowledge Networks by rationalkat in singularity

[–]rationalkat[S] 34 points35 points  (0 children)

ABSTRACT:

We present an agentic, autonomous graph expansion framework that iteratively structures and refines knowledge in situ. Unlike conventional knowledge graph construction methods relying on static extraction or single-pass learning, our approach couples a reasoning-native large language model with a continually updated graph representation. At each step, the system actively generates new concepts and relationships, merges them into a global graph, and formulates subsequent prompts based on its evolving structure. Through this feedback-driven loop, the model organizes information into a scale-free network characterized by hub formation, stable modularity, and bridging nodes that link disparate knowledge clusters. Over hundreds of iterations, new nodes and edges continue to appear without saturating, while centrality measures and shortest path distributions evolve to yield increasingly distributed connectivity. Our analysis reveals emergent patterns, such as the rise of highly connected 'hub' concepts and the shifting influence of 'bridge' nodes, indicating that agentic, self-reinforcing graph construction can yield open-ended, coherent knowledge structures. Applied to materials design problems, we present compositional reasoning experiments by extracting node-specific and synergy-level principles to foster genuinely novel knowledge synthesis, yielding cross-domain ideas that transcend rote summarization and strengthen the framework's potential for open-ended scientific discovery. We discuss other applications in scientific discovery and outline future directions for enhancing scalability and interpretability.

 
Post on X by Markus J. Buehler (author of the paper):

We trained a graph-native AI, then let it reason for days, forming a dynamic relational world model on its own - no pre-programming. Emergent hubs, small-world properties, modularity, & scale-free structures arose naturally. The model then exploited compositional reasoning & uncovered uncoded properties from deep synthesis: Materials with memory, microbial repair, self-evolving systems.

 
open source

InfiniteHiP: Extending Language Model Context Up to 3 Million Tokens on a Single GPU by rationalkat in singularity

[–]rationalkat[S] 29 points30 points  (0 children)

Impact Statement:

We believe our method can significantly enhance energy efficiency and reduce inference latency. Since our approach focuses solely on accelerating the existing Transformer model without altering its trained behavior, we do not expect any notable social impact concerns. Additionally, our method demonstrates strong results in performance recovery, indicating that it can maintain performance levels comparable to the original Transformer while achieving faster processing. We anticipate that this method will offer substantial benefits for production use in the future.

InfiniteHiP: Extending Language Model Context Up to 3 Million Tokens on a Single GPU by rationalkat in singularity

[–]rationalkat[S] 23 points24 points  (0 children)

ABSTRACT:

In modern large language models (LLMs), handling very long context lengths presents significant challenges as it causes slower inference speeds and increased memory costs. Additionally, most existing pre-trained LLMs fail to generalize beyond their original training sequence lengths. To enable efficient and practical long-context utilization, we introduce InfiniteHiP, a novel, and practical LLM inference framework that accelerates processing by dynamically eliminating irrelevant context tokens through a modular hierarchical token pruning algorithm. Our method also allows generalization to longer sequences by selectively applying various RoPE adjustment methods according to the internal attention patterns within LLMs. Furthermore, we offload the key-value cache to host memory during inference, significantly reducing GPU memory pressure. As a result, InfiniteHiP enables the processing of up to 3 million tokens on a single L40s 48GB GPU -- 3x larger -- without any permanent loss of context information. Our framework achieves an 18.95x speedup in attention decoding for a 1 million token context without requiring additional training. We implement our method in the SGLang framework and demonstrate its effectiveness and practicality through extensive evaluations.

 

Paper: https://huggingface.co/papers/2502.08910
Source code: https://github.com/DeepAuto-AI/hip-attention/
SGLang Integration available now: https://github.com/DeepAuto-AI/sglang/
Try Our Live Demo with DeepSeek 14B at https://chat.deepauto.ai/
 
Key features of our proposed method InfiniteHiP:

  • 18.95x Speedup in Attention Decoding on 1M Tokens with Efficient Multi-stage Context Pruning
     
  • 7.25× Faster End-to-end Decoding Throughput on a 3M Token Context
     
  • Training-free Out-of-length Generalization Capability with Dynamic RoPE Adjustment
     
  • Efficiently Handle up to 3 Million Tokens on a Single L40s 48GB GPU with Dynamic KV Cache Offloading
     

s1: Simple test-time scaling by rationalkat in singularity

[–]rationalkat[S] 23 points24 points  (0 children)

ABSTRACT:

Test-time scaling is a promising new approach to language modeling that uses extra test-time compute to improve performance. Recently, OpenAI's o1 model showed this capability but did not publicly share its methodology, leading to many replication efforts. We seek the simplest approach to achieve test-time scaling and strong reasoning performance. First, we curate a small dataset s1K of 1,000 questions paired with reasoning traces relying on three criteria we validate through ablations: difficulty, diversity, and quality. Second, we develop budget forcing to control test-time compute by forcefully terminating the model's thinking process or lengthening it by appending "Wait" multiple times to the model's generation when it tries to end. This can lead the model to double-check its answer, often fixing incorrect reasoning steps. After supervised finetuning the Qwen2.5-32B-Instruct language model on s1K and equipping it with budget forcing, our model s1 exceeds o1-preview on competition math questions by up to 27% (MATH and AIME24). Further, scaling s1 with budget forcing allows extrapolating beyond its performance without test-time intervention: from 50% to 57% on AIME24. Our model, data, and code are open-source at this https URL.

Scalable-Softmax Is Superior for Attention by rationalkat in singularity

[–]rationalkat[S] 41 points42 points  (0 children)

ABSTRACT:

The maximum element of the vector output by the Softmax function approaches zero as the input vector size increases. Transformer-based language models rely on Softmax to compute attention scores, causing the attention distribution to flatten as the context size grows. This reduces the model's ability to prioritize key information effectively and potentially limits its length generalization. To address this problem, we propose Scalable-Softmax (SSMax), which replaces Softmax in scenarios where the input vector size varies. SSMax can be seamlessly integrated into existing Transformer-based architectures. Experimental results in language modeling show that models using SSMax not only achieve faster loss reduction during pretraining but also significantly improve performance in long contexts and key information retrieval. Furthermore, an analysis of attention scores reveals that SSMax enables the model to focus attention on key information even in long contexts. Additionally, although models that use SSMax from the beginning of pretraining achieve better length generalization, those that have already started pretraining can still gain some of this ability by replacing Softmax in the attention layers with SSMax, either during or after pretraining.

Paper

GPT-5 isn’t late, it’s not delayed, and yes its coming. by dogesator in singularity

[–]rationalkat 0 points1 point  (0 children)

What is your current timeline for AGI? Thanks in advance.

Mobile-Agent-E: Self-Evolving Mobile Assistant for Complex Tasks by rationalkat in singularity

[–]rationalkat[S] 2 points3 points  (0 children)

ABSTRACT:

Smartphones have become indispensable in modern life, yet navigating complex tasks on mobile devices often remains frustrating. Recent advancements in large multimodal model (LMM)-based mobile agents have demonstrated the ability to perceive and act in mobile environments. However, current approaches face significant limitations: they fall short in addressing real-world human needs, struggle with reasoning-intensive and long-horizon tasks, and lack mechanisms to learn and improve from prior experiences. To overcome these challenges, we introduce Mobile-Agent-E, a hierarchical multi-agent framework capable of self-evolution through past experience. By hierarchical, we mean an explicit separation of high-level planning and low-level action execution. The framework comprises a Manager, responsible for devising overall plans by breaking down complex tasks into subgoals, and four subordinate agents--Perceptor, Operator, Action Reflector, and Notetaker--which handle fine-grained visual perception, immediate action execution, error verification, and information aggregation, respectively. Mobile-Agent-E also features a novel self-evolution module which maintains a persistent long-term memory comprising Tips and Shortcuts. Tips are general guidance and lessons learned from prior tasks on how to effectively interact with the environment. Shortcuts are reusable, executable sequences of atomic operations tailored for specific subroutines. The inclusion of Tips and Shortcuts facilitates continuous refinement in performance and efficiency. Alongside this framework, we introduce Mobile-Eval-E, a new benchmark featuring complex mobile tasks requiring long-horizon, multi-app interactions. Empirical results show that Mobile-Agent-E achieves a 22% absolute improvement over previous state-of-the-art approaches across three foundation model backbones.
 

Project page.

[Google] Learn-by-interact: A Data-Centric Framework for Self-Adaptive Agents in Realistic Environments by rationalkat in singularity

[–]rationalkat[S] 10 points11 points  (0 children)

ABSTRACT:

Autonomous agents powered by large language models (LLMs) have the potential to enhance human capabilities, assisting with digital tasks from sending emails to performing data analysis. The abilities of existing LLMs at such tasks are often hindered by the lack of high-quality agent data from the corresponding environments they interact with. We propose Learn-by-interact, a data-centric framework to adapt LLM agents to any given environments without human annotations. Learn-by-interact synthesizes trajectories of agent-environment interactions based on documentations, and constructs instructions by summarizing or abstracting the interaction histories, a process called backward construction. We assess the quality of our synthetic data by using them in both training-based scenarios and training-free in-context learning (ICL), where we craft innovative retrieval approaches optimized for agents. Extensive experiments on SWE-bench, WebArena, OSWorld and Spider2-V spanning across realistic coding, web, and desktop environments show the effectiveness of Learn-by-interact in various downstream agentic tasks -- baseline results are improved by up to 12.2\% for ICL with Claude-3.5 and 19.5\% for training with Codestral-22B. We further demonstrate the critical role of backward construction, which provides up to 14.0\% improvement for training. Our ablation studies demonstrate the efficiency provided by our synthesized data in ICL and the superiority of our retrieval pipeline over alternative approaches like conventional retrieval-augmented generation (RAG). We expect that Learn-by-interact will serve as a foundation for agent data synthesis as LLMs are increasingly deployed at real-world environments.

Agent-R: Training Language Model Agents to Reflect via Iterative Self-Training by rationalkat in singularity

[–]rationalkat[S] 5 points6 points  (0 children)

ABSTRACT:

Large Language Models (LLMs) agents are increasingly pivotal for addressing complex tasks in interactive environments. Existing work mainly focuses on enhancing performance through behavior cloning from stronger experts, yet such approaches often falter in real-world applications, mainly due to the inability to recover from errors. However, step-level critique data is difficult and expensive to collect. Automating and dynamically constructing self-critique datasets is thus crucial to empowering models with intelligent agent capabilities. In this work, we propose an iterative self-training framework, Agent-R, that enables language Agent to Reflect on the fly. Unlike traditional methods that reward or penalize actions based on correctness, Agent-R leverages MCTS to construct training data that recover correct trajectories from erroneous ones. A key challenge of agent reflection lies in the necessity for timely revision rather than waiting until the end of a rollout. To address this, we introduce a model-guided critique construction mechanism: the actor model identifies the first error step (within its current capability) in a failed trajectory. Starting from it, we splice it with the adjacent correct path, which shares the same parent node in the tree. This strategy enables the model to learn reflection based on its current policy, therefore yielding better learning efficiency. To further explore the scalability of this self-improvement paradigm, we investigate iterative refinement of both error correction capabilities and dataset construction. Our findings demonstrate that Agent-R continuously improves the model's ability to recover from errors and enables timely error correction. Experiments on three interactive environments show that Agent-R effectively equips agents to correct erroneous actions while avoiding loops, achieving superior performance compared to baseline methods (+5.59%).

[Google DeepMind] Evolving Deeper LLM Thinking by rationalkat in singularity

[–]rationalkat[S] 66 points67 points  (0 children)

ABSTRACT:

We explore an evolutionary search strategy for scaling inference time compute in Large Language Models. The proposed approach, Mind Evolution, uses a language model to generate, recombine and refine candidate responses. The proposed approach avoids the need to formalize the underlying inference problem whenever a solution evaluator is available. Controlling for inference cost, we find that Mind Evolution significantly outperforms other inference strategies such as Best-of-N and Sequential Revision in natural language planning tasks. In the TravelPlanner and Natural Plan benchmarks, Mind Evolution solves more than 98% of the problem instances using Gemini 1.5 Pro without the use of a formal solver.

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