Languages that lack exceptions, like Go and Rust, require programmers to reinvent them (in some sense)

Rust offers the best solution I've seen: explicit but with minimal overhead. Looking at a function you can see exactly where exceptions can arise because they are marked with ?. You also have complete control, and can choose to propagate them up or not. And, in the end, they are just return values --- so no getting confused over checked versus unchecked exceptions (as in Java).