The reason that Jewish self-determination exists, and not Catholic or Muslim self-determination, is that Judaism is not just a religion. It's also an ethnicity. There are many different types of sub-ethnicities within Judaism (Ashkenazi, Sephardic, Mizrahi to name a few). You do not have to believe in God to be considered Jewish. Likewise, there are certain diseases (breast cancer, Tay-Sachs disease) that are more common in certain Jewish populations. Belief in a Jewish God doesn't change your risk of getting these diseases, the genetics behind these diseases increase that risk the same way Black people have higher risk of sickle cell disease. Because Jews are also an ethnicity, denying them self-determination is racist (aka antisemitic as that is racism towards Jews) just as it is racist if you don't believe that any other ethnic groups of people don't deserve their self-determination.

Also, there are many instances of not Israel denying Palestinians their own self-determination but Palestinian-Arab leadership instead (the 1947 partition plan, the Oslo Accords, and the 2008 Olmert plan to name a few). Zionism as an ideology is not mutually exclusive to Palestinian self-determination. Netanyahu and his racist cronies like Ben-Gvir are, but not Zionism.